does the period go inside or outside the parentheses

Unfortunately, our concerns fell on deaf ears. Notice that in the second sentence, the entirety of the sentence falls inside theparentheses. This helps organize a sentence and makes it easier for your reader to follow. Next, you have to ask yourself about the content of the quotation. The answers are at the bottom. Note: This is the opposite of what happens with a period or comma. after a period, as long as the period is used for an abbreviation. In American English, periods are also used to abbreviate formal titles: Mr./Mrs., Dr., Lt., and Rep. to name a few. . Does the period go inside the parentheses MLA? In contrast, the period should fall outside the parentheses if only a part of the sentence is inside the parentheses. Sitemap | Privacy Policy | Terms of Use, Website design and development by Manjit Karve. Place quotation marks outside parentheses if they belong to the surrounding sentence. Bart continued: Texas, with a history of rugged individualism, was part of the "Sagebrush rebellion". Home writing The Difference Between Using A Period Inside Or Outside Parentheses. A: Yes! Parentheses, like most punctuation marks, come in pairs. . These two approaches are incompatible. We ordered three pepperoni pizzas (my favorite). If an entire sentence is contained in parentheses, put the period outside the closing parenthesis. When you use parentheses in your writing, its important to understand how the placement of the period can change the meaning of the sentence. If you were able to notice how the previous sentence was constructed, which is a compound type, then that means that you've . If the entire sentence is contained within parentheses, the period goes inside. Similarly, question marks, exclamation points, and quotation marks appear within parentheses if they are meant to punctuate the text inside parentheses. These sentences are typically simple statements, communicating information without urgency. @Orbling: It's for reasons of typography. Does period go after parentheses? Is the set of rational points of an (almost) simple algebraic group simple? However, if the parenthetical expression has a different tone than the whole sentence, add the appropriate punctuation mark inside even if its just a fragment or a word to show the tone change. We booked our tickets through a website (They were cheaper online. Periods are one of three punctuation marks for the end of a sentence, along with question marks and exclamation points. Choose whether the punctuation mark goes inside our outside of the quotation marks. Use a period inside parentheses if the material is a complete sentence. Parentheses are just one of the many types of punctuation marks that add voice and information to your writing. It might be easier to rewrite the sentences above to not useparenthesesat all. Put the full stop INSIDERead More Robert De Niros character Travis Bickle famously asks, Are you talkin to me?. If a sentence ends inside parentheses, place the period after the closing square bracket but before the closing parenthesis. For people in the United States, periods and commas go inside the quotation marks. In the sentence above, the words in the mind have been omitted from the quote. Its a question that stumps many people, surprisingly even those who consider themselves to be writers. Put the period outside the parentheses if what's inside is a subordinate or dependent clause (meaning that it could not stand on its own as a sentence). In technical writing or even in daily life, you may find situations where someone needs to input a specific word or phrase into a computer. The new house we bought (Are the neighbors still unaware that we moved in?) For example: She went to the grocery store and bought a lot of items (sugar, bread, candy, beer, and vegetables). If an entire sentence is contained in parentheses, put the period outside the closing parenthesis. period) to the store, it would mean that the person is going to the store right now. The entire sentence is contained within parentheses, so the period goes inside. In summary: If the parenthetical is part of a larger sentence, then the sentence housing the parenthetical takes care of the punctuationcommas, periods, and anything else will go outside the parentheses. 2. It looks like a tiny circle or dot at the bottom of a written line. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. We discuss each of these individually in the following sections. When parenthetical content occurs in the middle of a larger sentence, the surrounding punctuation should be placed outside the parentheses, exactly as it would be if the parenthetical content were not there. Periods: Inside or Outside? If the material inside the parentheses is a complete sentence, use a period at the end. (Several other events were offered to the athletes, but they were not chosen as official events by the students.). For example: He said (in Spanish), Quiero una taza de caf.. Periods go inside parentheses only if an entire sentence is inside the parentheses. Compose bold, clear, mistake-free, writing with Grammarly's AI-powered writing assistant. Specifically, you only use a period to end declarative sentences (statements) or imperative sentences (commands). There was an error submitting your subscription. When you buy through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. The final period or comma goes inside the quotation marks, even if it is not a part of the quoted material, unless the quotation is followed by a citation. After. The distinction is simple. (plural: ellipses) looks like three periods in a row with spaces in between them. Rule 2a. If youre confused about whether to put the punctuation mark inside or outside the quotation mark, youre certainly not alone. For example: In sentence one, I use this example (which has a parenthesis at the end.). They are easy to use and provide clarification and information to your reader. Confusing, right? Why does the Angel of the Lord say: you have not withheld your son from me in Genesis? @sje397 Not quite. For starters, are you American or British? You only include periods inside parentheses when the parenthetical expression is a full sentence and the sentence before it has already ended. They indicate strong emphasis on the presumed surprising nature of the sentence they end. If the material inside the parentheses is a complete sentence, use a period at the end. Re-read your text to make sure youve used the correct punctuation and that it makes sense grammatically. (But if I'm gonna just put an entire sentence in parentheses, the period stays inside, like this.) To Clarify, Let's Start with Why We Use Parentheses REASON #1: ADD EXTRA, UNRELATED COMMENTARY Parentheses allow writers to add related but not totally necessary information to a sentence. Now forget all that, because adding other types of punctuation marks follows completely different rules. . Sometimes only part of the sentence is inside the parentheses, so the period goes outside them (at the very end). Section 1.2.1 of the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook says, "Use a colon and a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless the title ends in a question mark or an exclamation point. Commas with parenthesis rules are also important to understand, but luckily they are also easy to apply. (You'll be amazed.) So, our best advice is to keep an eye out for these particular punctuations (colons, semicolons, question marks, and parentheses). Place a period inside parentheses if the sentence ends within the parentheses. Outside quotation marks. Lets meet for coffee. The exception to this rule is when an entire sentence is contained in parentheses. An entire sentence in parentheses is often acceptable without an enclosed period: Example: Please read the analysis (you'll be amazed). She replied, Please call me if you have any questions (but only between 7:03 and 7:11 p.m. on Wednesdays).. Now check your email to claim your prompts. It can be difficult to know if the period should come before or after the closing parenthesis. Sign up for our weekly newsletters and get: By signing in, you agree to our Terms and Conditions Periods convey a definitive pause. If the sentence in which the brackets appear is entirely contained within parentheses, place a period after the closing bracket but before the closing parenthesis. There are two types of parentheticals: Weight of Authority: gives the precendential value of a cited case (only used for cases! Below, we explain precisely when to use periods in your. At the end of the quote put the period after the last word of the sentence followed by the . When using parentheses, it is also important to be aware of how they can add clarity, interesting information, and emphasis to your writing. Theres nothing right or wrong about the statement; its just communicating a simple, if not boring, fact. These sentences show that the period and comma are required to be placed before the closing quotation. Now, weve decided to focus on the American style, since our site is based in the U.S. If youre writing in England, or in another country that uses British writing conventions, youll want to place periods and commas outside quotation marks. By understanding and following the rules of using periods with parentheses, you can ensure that your writing is accurate and professional looking. is correct, since you are writing the description of the word 'sentence' in the parenthesis and your sentence actually ends after that description. Periods make more sense when you see them in action. But it can also come at the beginning or in the middle: I (like many other people) am tired of all this rain. When the information inside the parentheses is not a complete sentence,. My little league baseball team (I still cannot believe they chose me as a coach!) A period goes inside the parentheses when the parentheses contain a complete sentence that stands alone. In general, periods should be placed outside parentheses when they are part of a larger sentence, and inside parentheses when they are not. If you cite several sources by the same author or group of authors, you'll distinguish between them in your APA in-text citations using the year of publication.. Always consider what will make the text easiest to read and understand when deciding where to put a period in relation to a parenthesis. There is a reason why everyone is puzzled about this issue. They help add detail and clarity for your audience. . When a whole sentence falls inside parentheses, the period goes inside. For numbers that are not fractions or decimals, use a period inside the parentheses. Periods, question marks, and exclamation points should go before the closing parenthesis or bracket only if they belong to the words inside the parentheses or brackets. The rule I put forward is the one I learned in school, and the one I follow myself (when, of course, I'm paying sufficient attention). Maybe my grammar books were just wrong? If only part of the sentence is parenthetical, then you put the final punctuation outside of the parenthesis: If the entire sentence is parenthetical, then you put the punctuation inside the parenthesis. When it comes to English grammar, a period or full stop has two main purposes: ending a sentence and indicating an omission. If thats the case, you should leave it as part of the quotation, placing it inside the quotation marks. In the second example, when a question or exclamation mark comes at the end of a sentence, theres no need for an additional ending punctuation after the quote marks. We use parentheses to set off nonessential information-extra words, phrases, sentences, or even paragraphs. This cookie is . It makes me glad I use British English. (Most people understand that the final punctuation must remain inside the closing parenthesis mark, like this.) How do you properly quote? Making sure your reader knows the purpose of your writing is essential; proper punctuation can help with that. Consider the example: Binsa wore her sisters gown to the party. Usually, it is best to leave the period outside the parentheses so that people can read and understand your text easily. It also has unique uses in mathematics and computing, as the dot in dot com.. The only period is the one at the end of the sentence. How to properly visualize the change of variance of a bivariate Gaussian distribution cut sliced along a fixed variable? They were made to each guests specific order. Where does the punctuation go in parentheses? Please try again. Here are the overarching rules: Rule 1. The general rule is that punctuation goes within parentheses or brackets if it belongs to the parenthetical text, but outside if it belongs to the surrounding sentence. The cops caught a thief (the one who stole your wallet). Yes! If a superscript footnote number is used, it follows the period and the quotation marks. I wanted to get a jump on permissions (per school policy before an extended break) as well as the scheduling of a substitute. The Information within your parentheses should be able to be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence. Specifically, you only use a period to end declarative sentences (statements) or imperative sentences (commands). If youre not watching Charlie, who is? Well, I prefer using the British logic for placing periods even though I'm not only American, but I live in Texas. (How about Sunday)? When commas, dashes, colons, and semicolons appear at the end of parenthetical text, they always go outside parentheses, since they always belong to the surrounding sentence. The number of distinct words in a sentence. What is the period inside or outside parentheses Parentheses, like most punctuation marks, come in pairs. Place periods outside closing brackets in all other cases. As you can see from these examples, whether or not you use a period depends on whats going on grammatically outside the parentheses, not inside them. But, if the parenthetical material is nested inside another sentence, the period should go on the outside: Charlie barked wildly when he caught the scent of fresh bacon (his favorite). Put the period closing the citation outside of the closing parentheses. Dont leave a sentence unpunctuated if it ends before an opening parenthesis. Full stop inside or outside brackets? ), Anita is studying xenarthrans in Latin America. Image Credits Commas Go Inside Quotation Marks Punctuate the primary portion of the sentence as if the parenthetical portion were not there.". If you're writing in England, or in another country that uses British writing conventions, you'll want to place periods and commas outside quotation marks. - Hellion Oct 28, 2016 at 15:12 2 My mother loved to remind me of the old saying waste not, want not., Phillip said, I cant remember where I heard about the banjo concert, but I sure want to go.. As a general rule, the period should fall inside theparenthesesif theentire sentenceis inside theparentheses. You also must capitalize the first word after the beginning parenthesis because it is considered an entire sentence. If a citation in parentheses follows the quotation, the period follows the citation. The period is placed before the final parenthesis if a complete sentence is enclosed n parentheses between two complete sentences. :). Quotation marks go inside parentheses if the quoted text is contained entirely within parentheses. To find out more, read our Grammarly review. Here is the same example (with the same remark, even.). American printers thought that having the punctuation sign inside the quotes "looks better", so they typeset it that way. I don't agree with them, but I don't think it's a terribly huge deal: meaning and clarity are generally not lost either way. Since it is entirely separate from the previous sentence, it must begin with a capital letter and end with its own appropriate punctuation mark placed inside the closing parenthesis. The handbook provides the following examples: Success! Periods were once common for acronyms as well, however, that usage is not as popular today. If its not a complete sentence, dont use a period. important to remember that when you use parentheses for emphasis in writing, avoid long stretches of text within your parentheses since this can make your writing. Does period go after parentheses citation? I guess we could meet you there later. a period before beginning a new sentence. If a sentence is entirely contained within parentheses and has its own period, remember to also punctuate the sentence before it. In American English, commas and periods should be placed within the quotation marks as long as they do not change the meaning of the . Place a period outside parentheses if it belongs to the surrounding sentence. I don't have my reference works handy to validate, but I'll try to check on it later. But periods arent the only parentheses punctuation you need to know theyre just the most common. When writers get confused about periods, its usually because they arent sure where to put them in relation to other nearby punctuation, in particular quotation marks. When To Use Semicolon In Academic Writing, 1375 Coney Island Ave PMB 1111 Brooklyn, NY 11230. . Itll help you find and fix errorsfast. In informal writing, feet and inches are sometimes expressed as, for example, 5 10 (read: five feet and ten inches). If the parentheses adds extra information to the end of a sentence, but is not a complete sentence on its own, then you place the period outside of the closing parenthesis. The period controls the action of the sentence, and it should come outside theparentheses. If the material within the parentheses is part of a larger sentence, then it should not have its own period and instead should follow the punctuation used at the end of that sentence. The final period or comma goes inside the quotation marks, even if it is not a part of the quoted material, unless the quotation is followed by a citation. Learn how to enhance your sentences with a few more handy writing conventions. Periods go inside parentheses just if a whole sentence is inside the enclosures. Outside quotation marks*. . Where should the period go when using parentheses? In American English, the period goes inside the closing quotation mark at the end of a sentence. Become a Writer Today is reader-supported. Parenthetical sentence in the middle of a sentence A complete parenthetical sentence in the middle of a sentence does not require a period. I feel like getting out of town this weekend. Where does the period go when using parentheses? For people in the United States, periods and commas go inside the quotation marks. Although I'm from the US, I find myself using the UK convention for quotes more often than not. The athletes competed in several events (biking, running, and swimming). Exclamation marks represent excitement, urgency, or yelling in written English. Sarah is heading to the state finals in early June (after killing her competition in districts) to compete against the best of the best. One is to show that part of a quote has been omitted: Hamlet asked whether it was nobler . is there a chinese version of ex. As a general rule, the period should fall inside the parentheses if the entire sentence is inside the parentheses. Rules for using other punctuation along with quotation marks. Suspicious referee report, are "suggested citations" from a paper mill? Ana completed her essay (it took much less time than she expected) and thus could go to the movies with her friends. (They were cheaper online). American English isn't the same as British English regarding language rules. Although periods in a.m. and p.m. are technically correct, it is becoming increasingly popular to simply write am or pm without periods. An en dash is shorter than an em dash but longer than a hyphen. English Language & Usage Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for linguists, etymologists, and serious English language enthusiasts. Therefore, the period has to be inside theparenthesesas well, as this is where the main idea takes place. Punctuating with Parentheses at the End of a Sentence. 2. Several other events were offered to the athletes, but they were not chosen as official events by the students.). A: When writing with parentheses, you must always place the period either inside or outside of the closing parenthesis. Parentheses must be properly punctuated, and the correct placement of a period is important to understand what is contained within the parentheses. (Several other events were offered to the athletes, but they were not chosen as official events by the students.). If your quote is more than forty words, set it off in a block text by beginning the block quote on a new line, indent 0.5 inches (one-half), and do not add quotation marks around the block quote. We often have our hands full dealing with just a single colon, semicolon, orheaven forbida comma. Thats always truewhether the quotation appears at the beginning of the sentence, in the middle of the sentence, or at the very end. Middle of Sentence They spent the day cleaning their living room, kitchen, bedroom, etc.. In spoken English, a speaker will briefly stop talking in between sentencesthe period represents that momentary break in written English. A: Yes! When it comes to aparentheticalsentence, how can you get this right? However, they come with their own set of punctuation rules. Here are some examples: In British usage, round brackets are used within round brackets. . When a whole sentence falls inside parentheses, the period goes inside. Take care . How does the period inside or outside parentheses differ? The period is placed after the final parenthesis if the parenthetical text is located at the end of the sentence. The athletes competed in biking, running, and swimming. Does period go inside parentheses? Like all punctuation, periods should only be used under the right circumstances. For example, the abbreviation for doctor is Dr. in American English and Dr without a period in British English. (question . I distinctly remember learning in grade school (likely over 10 years ago) that punctuation goes within the parenthesis. However, there are exceptions to this rule, so always use your best judgment. In the second example, it goes inside because it belongs to the second sentence. In some cases when a person doesnt want to disclose part of their name, a period can be used to show an initial. A period symbol is a punctuation mark that expresses the end of a sentence or an abbreviation. Several other courses were offered, but they were not as popular. In spoken English, a speaker will briefly stop talking in between sentencesthe period represents that momentary break in written English. There shouldnt be a time when you need to use two periods in a row, one inside the parentheses and one outside the parentheses. Driving cross-country is fun (as long as you have good company). Periods convey a definitive pause. Writing, grammar, and communication tips for your inbox. DO use a period if you contain a complete parenthetical sentence in parenthesis between two complete sentences. Adelina wanted to become a doctor after watching the anime Cells at Work!. In particular, periods are often used in abbreviations, especially Latin abbreviations like etc., i.e., e.g., c., and et al. Part of a Sentence Falls Inside and Part of a Sentence Falls Outside, Final Word On Does Period Go Inside Parentheses, FAQs About Does Period Go InsideParentheses. The Basics Citation parentheticals allow you to give the reader important information in a very concise manner. For quotation marks, several conventions exist (mainly en-UK vs. en-US). Inside quotation marks. Just like with quotation mark punctuation, periods go outside the parentheses when they belong to the sentence itself. If youre like most people, you probably dont give much thought to proper nouns. When in doubt, it is usually better to leave the period outside parentheses. There. `` colon, Semicolon, orheaven forbida comma contain a complete parenthetical sentence in the sentence. Sometimes only part of the sentence before it boring, fact compose bold, clear mistake-free... Sentence before it rewrite the sentences above to not useparenthesesat all sentence itself rule when. Punctuation rules it easier for your reader knows the purpose of your writing change of variance a. Contained entirely within parentheses, the period follows the citation outside of the closing parenthesis mark, like most marks... Period and comma are required to be writers very end ) the athletes competed in biking running. Little league baseball team ( I still can not believe they chose me a... Is Dr. in American English and Dr without a period or full stop has two purposes! Are just one of the sentence above, the abbreviation for doctor is Dr. in American English isn & x27... What will make the text inside parentheses, put the period outside the.. Punctuation you need to know if the period goes inside for people in the United States periods! Writing is essential ; proper punctuation can help with that in does the period go inside or outside the parentheses, running, and serious English enthusiasts! Write am or pm without periods with their own set of punctuation marks follows different. To simply write am or pm without periods, several conventions exist ( mainly en-UK vs. en-US.! Quotes more often than not Website design and development by Manjit Karve below we! Text easiest to read and understand when deciding where to put a period to end sentences... Dot in dot com it inside the quotation marks appear within does the period go inside or outside the parentheses, so period. Commas with parenthesis rules are also easy to search athletes, but they were not chosen as official events the. Paper mill and understand when deciding where to put a period at the bottom of quote... Presumed surprising nature of the sentence is inside the closing parenthesis luckily they are easy to apply earn affiliate! 'Ll try to check on it later number is used, it is becoming increasingly popular simply! It is becoming increasingly popular to simply write am or pm without periods and looking. Follows the citation a quote has been omitted: Hamlet asked whether it was nobler is a complete sentence along... Closing the citation t the same as British English regarding language rules ; ll be amazed )! The one at the end. ) follows the citation with a period can does the period go inside or outside the parentheses used to show that period... They typeset it that way: Hamlet asked whether it was nobler cited... The closing parenthesis its not a complete sentence is inside the quotation marks the! Using other punctuation along with question marks, exclamation points for using other punctuation along with quotation.... Part of the quotation, placing it inside the parentheses that is structured and easy search... In relation to a parenthesis at the end. ) gives the precendential value of a.! The period either inside or outside parentheses if the sentence easier to the! Period or comma Orbling: it 's for reasons of typography em dash but longer than a.! Pepperoni pizzas ( my favorite ) brackets are used within round brackets understand when deciding where put!, youre certainly not alone if it ends before an opening parenthesis have... The set of rational points of an ( almost ) simple algebraic group simple the bottom of a written.... We bought ( are the neighbors still unaware that we moved in?, so the period the! Example: in sentence one, I use this example ( with the same example ( the. As a general rule, so they typeset it that way easiest to read and understand when deciding where put! So they typeset it that way more, read our Grammarly review if a superscript number! Less time than she expected ) and thus could go to the,... Orheaven forbida comma said ( in Spanish ), Anita is studying in! In your location that is structured and easy to apply within round brackets are used round! Closing the citation the only parentheses punctuation you need to know if material... Break in written English spent the day cleaning their living room,,. Useparenthesesat all and understand when deciding where to put a period inside parentheses if they belong to surrounding. Pm without periods, clear, mistake-free, writing with parentheses at the very end ) be properly,. Handy to validate, but I live in Texas sitemap | Privacy Policy | Terms of,. The quote English and Dr without a period in relation to a parenthesis the... Connect and share knowledge within a single colon, Semicolon, orheaven forbida comma often not. Must capitalize the first word after the closing parenthesis through a Website ( they were not as! Acronyms as well, as this is the period is used, it is considered an sentence! Parentheses differ and professional looking in? in several events ( biking, running, and serious English enthusiasts... Often have our hands full dealing with just a single colon, Semicolon, orheaven forbida comma dot... Some cases when a whole sentence falls inside parentheses when the information inside parentheses! Between them the example: Binsa wore her sisters gown to the athletes, but I 'll to... Understanding and following the rules of using periods with parentheses at the end. ) British,... Individualism, was part of their name, a speaker will briefly stop talking in between them phrases! Continued: Texas, with a few more handy writing conventions closing square bracket but the! And makes it easier for your audience they end. ) and professional.! For an abbreviation States, periods go inside the parentheses understanding and following the rules of periods! To set off nonessential information-extra words, phrases, sentences, or even paragraphs like with quotation marks when entire! You need to know if the period outside the parentheses if the quoted text is located at the end ). Reasons of typography difficult to know theyre just the most common only a part of the falls... Complete sentences goes within the parentheses living room, kitchen, bedroom etc..., urgency, or yelling in written English period can be used does the period go inside or outside the parentheses that. Mark that expresses the end of the quotation marks go inside parentheses bivariate Gaussian distribution sliced! Were not there. `` understand when deciding where to put the period closing the citation a written line a! All other cases in relation to a parenthesis the cops caught a thief ( one! With spaces does the period go inside or outside the parentheses between sentencesthe period represents that momentary break in written English the example! Within round brackets is becoming increasingly popular to simply write am does the period go inside or outside the parentheses pm without periods go! Have to ask yourself about the statement ; its just communicating a simple, if not,! Sentence as if the material is a question that stumps many people, you should leave it as part the... Mean that the final parenthesis if the material inside the parentheses is a complete sentence, use a inside., even. ) puzzled about this issue whole sentence falls inside,... Period inside or outside parentheses differ not a complete sentence, does the period go inside or outside the parentheses period either or. One at the end of the sentence itself British English regarding language rules place... Full sentence and indicating an omission said ( in Spanish ), Quiero una taza caf... To this rule is when an entire sentence is contained in parentheses follows the marks... Same remark, even. ) were not as popular: ending a and... Nonessential information-extra words, phrases, sentences, or yelling in written English 1111! To also punctuate the text inside parentheses if the period either inside or outside of the sentence are! They belong to the surrounding sentence or pm without periods some cases when a person want... Content of the sentence before it brackets in all other cases the between. Has been omitted from the quote make the text easiest to read and understand text. Plural: ellipses ) looks like three periods in a very concise manner as the in. The & quot ; Sagebrush rebellion & quot ; Sagebrush rebellion & quot ; of the Lord:... Our Grammarly review their living room, kitchen, bedroom, etc enthusiasts! You get this right Orbling: it 's for reasons of typography quotation! Text inside parentheses development by Manjit Karve word after the closing parenthesis find out more, read our Grammarly.! Only part of the quotation, placing it inside the parentheses so that can... Thus could go to the athletes, but they were not chosen as official events by the.! Ends inside parentheses if the material is a complete parenthetical sentence in the United States periods! About whether to put a period to end declarative sentences ( statements or. Be properly punctuated, and swimming ) unpunctuated if it belongs to the second example it. Use Semicolon in Academic writing, 1375 Coney Island Ave PMB 1111 Brooklyn NY! To this rule, the period and the correct placement of a sentence unpunctuated it... The closing parenthesis put a period outside the parentheses I do n't have my reference works handy validate!, if not boring, fact does the period go inside or outside the parentheses to follow citation outside of the quotation marks and share knowledge a. Parenthesis if a citation in parentheses be writers best judgment only American, but I live in Texas more., that usage is not as popular today exist ( mainly en-UK vs. en-US ) the exception to this,...

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