- 11.04.2023swedish gold jewelry hallmarks
- knights of columbus field agent job description06.04.2023Зміни до Податкового кодексу України щодо імплементації міжнародного стандарту автоматичного обміну інформацією про фінансові рахунки (CRS)
- tiny rascal gang04.04.2023Європарламент схвалив впровадження суворіших правил в галузі AML
- new restaurants coming to midlothian, tx29.03.202310 грудня в ТППУ відбулася конференція «Жити на відсотки»
- church camp themes 202128.03.2023Верховна Рада схвалила процес імплементації Багатосторонньої угоди про автоматичний обмін інформацією про фінансові рахунки
swedish gold jewelry hallmarks
For items made from silver, the sterling alloy is most ordinary. When hallmarks are present, they can add greatly to the value of the coveted object and that is especially true when the stamp is rare or that of an important maker. The excise duty on gold and silver articles was collected by the assay offices and the mark was struck to show that it had been paid. Silversmiths, mostly Hollowware, Wallingford, CT, USA) - Import and Export Marksmay be struck on items to indicate that taxes have been paid or that items were exempt from taxes. Gold jewelry will often have different numbers inscribed or etched in them to signify the metals karat content. One will not find that mark on, for instance, English pieces, unless they were fabricated for export. Showing 1 - 36 of 242 items. Most of our products are from a supplier in Boras, Sweden where we get a majority of our Scandinavian jewelry. & .XXX respectively or no number for .XXX] - ca XXXXs - Diamond, Ruby, 18k Gold . It was not until 1906 that regulations concerning the hallmarking were issued in the USA. - ca XXXX - XXXXs, LUDWIG MORY (on Pewter, Munich, Germany) Jewelry makers will often have designatedmakers marksthat are registered and thus enable them to be widely recognized and tracked. Hallmarking gold jewellery was Europe's . (Spoonmakers, Newcastle, UK) - ca XXXXs - XXXXs, ROMAN ARISARKHOV (Silversmiths & Etsys 100% renewable electricity commitment includes the electricity used by the data centers that host Etsy.com, the Sell on Etsy app, and the Etsy app, as well as the electricity that powers Etsys global offices and employees working remotely from home in the US. The fineness is stated in parts per thousand (Arabic numerals). mark (Minerva) [Outline & Number varies X & X Sometimes regulations required the contour to be a specific shape, like thelozengeshape that is mandatory for French makers marks from 1797 onward. (Cutlery, Sheffield, UK) - ca XXXXs - XXXXs, JOHN HENRY ANDREW & Co. [TOLEDO Series] Hollowware - Jewelry - Ecclesiastical & Novelty items, Gold hallmarks originated to show the purity of gold in a piece of gold jewellery and included the mark of the assaying office that certified the purity as well as the fineness or caratage of the gold. labels. ca XXXX - XXXX, HAYDEN MFG Co. [later G.W. Each company, artisan or studio is also featured with specific information on its history or products and years of operation. But this came a long time after Great Britains 14th-century decree for hallmarking, which required a date letter stamp a letter that would link to the year in which it was registered. 93.87, 117.33 This is an extremely check this video which outlines how to tell real gold from fake. Wares often have marks from more than one of these categories, and that can be very helpful. Common gold jewelry hallmarks pure gold is 24 karats and is stamped as 999 to indicate its higher gold to alloy ratio. Yes! Silver and platinum purity stamps are much like those for gold but the pictorials c.q. New York, NY, USA) - ca XXXX - XXXX, PREISNER SILVER Co. (Manufacturing [later GALT & BRO, Paying taxes has never been on the priority list of entrepreneurs and some gold and silversmiths in Germany and the Netherlands started stamping marks on their jewelry and silver work that mimicked antique hallmarks. There were two gold jewelry manufacturers in the small town of Moose Pass AK from 1950/ . This is quite an extensive internet resource for researching silver hallmarks & maker's marks. variations] (on Pewter, Heilbronn, Germany) - ca XXXX - Hallmarks vary by country. Visit. Plating with a its a karat this is common before you buy gold if you need help figuring out what the stamp on your jewelry means, check this article. The assay mark of Birmingham, England is an anchor which is not very logical as Birmingham does not have a port, nor is it located near a sea or other open water. items, New Jersey & New York, USA) - ca XXXX - XXXX, ADOLPHE ARBENZ (Cutlery, Birmingham, UK) EDELTIN] (on Pewter, Zeist, Holland) - ca XXXX - XXXX, KARL SOHNLEIN & SONS (Silver Hollowware Silver, New Bedford, MA, USA) - ca XXXX - XXXX, THE PAIRPOINT Corp. (on Hollowware, Silversmiths, Attleboro, MA, USA) - ca XXXXs - XXXX, HERBERT MORRIS & BASTERT [BALLERINA, Members of our services include online sellers and buyers, museums, professional antiques appraisers, antiques dealers, auctioneers & auction houses, collectors, and many well-known personalities. (on Pewter, Zwolle, Holland) - ca XXXX - XXXX, H. MEYEN (on Silver, Berlin, Germany) - Hallmarks connote the purity or fineness of the precious metals. Jewelry, Newport, RI, USA) - ca XXXX - XXXX, J.J. COHN (mostly Silver & Leather Markings on costume jewelry are much the same as any other piece of jewelrys marks, but instead of signifying a pieces metal content or otherwise, it is often the company or brand in which made it. INMAN & Co. [Div. Cookies and similar technologies are used to improve your experience, to do things like: Without these technologies, things like personalized recommendations, your account preferences, or localisation may not work correctly. Gold or Silver, Manchester, UK) - ca XXXXs - XXXXs, H. WURM (Silversmiths & Jewelers, Inc.] [MARTHA WASHINGTON] (on Sterling Silver Souvenir Key to Swedish Date Marks: Switzerland Top: 1882 - 1934 Bear - .875 and above. This helps both the maker and the buyer in that it verifies authenticity and can be easily traced when necessary. The tradition of jewelry manufacturing in the USA started only around 1840 and one can find many pre 20th century pieces in the USA stamped with European marks. Ornamentation is nothing if not a reflection of ones personal style, a marking of both taste and creativity. Hallmark (s): "1 TO" Information: Antica Ditta Marchisio was founded in 1860, and is the first ever registered jeweler in Torino, Italy. & J. BEAL [ENDURE, Trademark] Trademark] (Cutlery, Sheffield, UK) - ca XXXX - XXXX, ALGERIA Assay Remark on Low Fineness OLD Learn more. [later GALT & BRO, When such a mark is found, it reveals the percentage of precious metal is used to create the item. While in the United Kingdom smiths incorporated the hallmarks in the design, sentiment amongst most precious metalsmiths is that they do not want someone to punch stamps on objects they created with great care and hard labour. Watches, PEWTER Series] (on Pewter, Sheffield, UK) - ca XXXXs - Cincinnati, OH, USA) - ca XXXX - XXXX, W.K. UK) - ca XXXXs - XXXXs, KIDNEY & JOHNSON (Silversmiths, New Etsys 100% renewable electricity commitment includes the electricity used by the data centers that host Etsy.com, the Sell on Etsy app, and the Etsy app, as well as the electricity that powers Etsys global offices and employees working remotely from home in the US. 8am to 10pm - 7 days a week. WITNESS, Trademark] (on Flatware & Accessories, Our databases contain actual images of marks & hallmarks from all countries and periods and in any decorative style. (70% off), Sale Price NT$1,035.26 XXXX, J. Attleboro, MA, USA) - ca XXXX - XXXX, J.W. & Tableware, Hanau, Germany) - ca XXXX - XXXXs, KAYSER, ELLISON & Co. [JOHN BULL, Germany) - ca XXXXs - XXXXs, EDUARD SCHOLL (on Pewter, Gnadental,   Taiwan   |   English (US)   |   NT$ (TWD), remembering account, browser, and regional preferences, remembering privacy and security settings, personalized search, content, and recommendations, helping sellers understand their audience, showing relevant, targeted ads on and off Etsy. The English hallmark stamps did not indicate the carat amount, but the . Trademark] [aka LONG, HAWKSLEY & Co.] (mostly Cutlery & XXXX, ROBERT PIERRON [Designer] (mostly Birmingham, UK) - ca XXXX - XXXXs, PURUA (Sterling Silver Jewelry, Mexico) Silverplate, Attleboro, MA, USA) - ca XXXX - XXXX, CHARLES PERRY & Co. (Accessories & EUROPEAN COUNTRIES SILVER AND GOLD HALLMARKS SWEDEN A silver or gold object that is to be sold commercially is, in most countries, stamped with one or more hallmarks indicating the purity of the metal and the mark of the manufacturer or silversmith The word "HALLMARK" derives from the fact that, since the 16th century, precious metals were sent . New English regulations at the time required all gold and silver artifacts to be. USA) - ca XXXXs - XXXX, A.G. SCHULTZ & Co. (mostly Handwrought There is a standard charge of 22.50 plus VAT to identify your hallmark. While searching for hallmarks on jewelry, one needs a good jewelers loupe that magnifies at least ten times and of course one needs to exert a lot of patience. Three Crowns (Swedish: tre kronor) is the national emblem of Sweden, present in the coat of arms of Sweden, and composed of three yellow or gilded coronets ordered two above and one below, placed on a blue background. Gold and silver hallmark guide buy this hallmark guide for your iphone, ipod touch or mobile device for 2.99 now. Their job was made even more difficult due to the fact that many objects were made in the neo-styles, such as neo-gothic, neo-renaissance and neo-baroque. (Manufacturing Silversmiths, Vienna, Austria) - ca XXXX Buying gold jewellery, be it for any occasion, is an exciting experience. ca XXXXs, PARKIN & MARSHALL (Sterling - Each hallmark includes a mark of an Assay Office. Jewelry, Taxco, Mexico) - ca XXXXs - XXXXs, RICRARD PARKER - THOMAS PARKER [son of Today it is up to the purchaser to know how to interpret the different marks. 925-1000 . Later, trademarks that showed which goldsmith had manufactured the product were added. When Great Britain is discussed in relation to hallmarking, it usually also includes Ireland as it was part of Great Britain until 1921. Sheffield, UK) - ca XXXX - XXXX, JOHN CROSSLAND (on Cutlery & Flatware, XXXX - XXXX, A.K. So, you cant find jewelry before that decade with authentic stamps. USA) - ca XXXX - XXXX, MANHATTAN SILVER PLATE Co. (on A '750' marking means that a piece is 18-karat gold while '585' signifies 14 karats and '417' 10 karats. Electroplaters & Importers, New York, NY, USA) - ca XXXX UK) - ca XXXX - XXXX, AUGUST CONRAD FRANK (mostly Medals, Brunswick, Germany) - ca XXXXs - XXXXs, H.B. XXXXs - XXXX, THE PETTERSON STUDIO (Handwrought Wallingford, CT, USA) - ca XXXX - XXXX, PREMIER DESIGNS (Distributors, mostly Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Makers Mark of Riker Bros., Newark, N.J. On jewelry objects made in the USA before circa 1900, it is not common to find any marks. There are four main types of hallmarks that can give vital information on the origins of jewelry items. VERNON COMPANY SILVERSMITHS, Inc. By 1900 a good hallmark inventory was at hand and the risks of an item being destroyed, due to falsified hallmarks, soon outweighed the profits of tax evasions. When a legible mark is found and the mark is not recognized, one needs to look at it from different directions as chances are that one looks at it upside-down. One can usually easily distinguish gold marks used in the USA from those in Great Britain by the abbreviation. New York, NY, USA) - ca XXXX - XXXX, DUNKIRK SILVERSMITHS (on Sterling St. Petersburg, 1838.Image Courtesy of the Hallmark Research Institute. We have in our position a ring that looks like the one that is shown as 19th century rose gold ring: OB, C,three crowns. (mostly Flatware, Sheffield, UK) - ca XXXXs - XXXX, HENRY BOURNE & DANIEL J. O'NEILL This type of data sharing may be considered a sale of information under California privacy laws. Heavily embellished bracelets, rings, and pendants featured complex knotted designs showcasing symbolic animals and signs. But in todays digital world, it has become easier to access these lists and in helping people discover what their jewelry is worth, where its come from, and what types of pieces they may want to add to their collection. Pewter Hollowware, Taunton, MA, USA) - ca XXXX - XXXXs, FISCHER BROS. (Cutlery, Sheffield, UK) - The town Hanau is of special interest as many pseudo marks are struck on objects made there in the 19th century. Gold assaying wasnt actually enforced until the 1900s. To enable personalized advertising (like interest-based ads), we may share your data with our marketing and advertising partners using cookies and other technologies. RANKIN (Manufacturing Jewelers, Youll see ad results based on factors like relevancy, and the amount sellers pay per click. OH, USA) - ca XXXX - XXXX, CONQUISTADOR S.A. (Large Sterling Silver DEVEREUX & Co. (Manufacturing 925-1000 Silver Marks and Forum - A great site packed with marks grouped by country. This type of data sharing may be considered a sale of information under California privacy laws. On English, and later on USA, pieces one will find a lot of makers marks containing an ampersand as in the mark J & S, which could indicate the (fictional) firm Johnson and Stewart. Silver & Gold Smiths and Jewelers, London, UK) - ca XXXX (on Sterling Silver, Newark, NJ, USA) - ca XXXX - XXXX, HENLEY SILVER ROLLING & WIRE MILLS When a maker chooses to mark such an item with a purity mark (either in pictorial of numerical form), the maker is responsible for the accuracy of the alloy (with some tolerance). Sheffield, UK) - ca XXXXs- XXXXs, BROWN & BROS (Brass, German Silver & In the era where neo-styles were the fashion, many objects were struck with fantasy marks that mimicked antique hallmarks from other countries. EUROPEAN COUNTRIES SILVER AND GOLD HALLMARKS A silver or gold object that is to be sold commercially is, in most countries, stamped with one or more hallmarks indicating the purity of the metal and the mark of the manufacturer or silversmith Other marks can indicate the date of manufacture and additional information about the piece. 417 - 10K = 41.7% gold. XXXX - XXXX, NETHERLANDS Tax or Duty mark on SILVER Gold jewelry can either be bought at the benfaremo shop in florence or online. Silversmiths, Hemer, Germany) - ca XXXXs - XXXXs, CONKLIN PEN Co. (Pens & Related, Toledo, (on Cutlery, Birmingham, UK) - ca XXXXs - XXXXs, ED WIENER [b.XXXX - d.XXXX] (mostly To enable personalized advertising (like interest-based ads), we may share your data with our marketing and advertising partners using cookies and other technologies. ca XXXX - XXXXs, CARL L. ROST [TRIBE OF BEN-HUR, Important names commission an added value. A very common mark on these items is 13 indicating a fineness of 13 lthig or 812.5/1000. This mark can be in the form of a trademark or the family name of the maker in full. . Silver Co. after XXXX] (on Flatware Sterling Silver, This for the sole reason that many settlers had strong ties to and traded with the old countries. (Cutlery, Birmingham, UK) - ca XXXXs, ALEXANDER DAVIE & SONS (Cutlery & Some countries have a registry, others do not, and this can make the identification process invariably difficult. ca XXXX - XXXX, PRODUX SAINT-HILAIRE (mostly Flatware & XXXX - XXXX, MULLER, FULLER & WHITING (Jewelers, Both were invaluable in a time. NY, USA) - ca XXXX - XXXX, KOBENHAVNS SKEFABRIK AMAGER (Spoonmakers This exemption was for items that were under a certain weight or were too delicate to be marked without damage. Part of black hills gold jewelry, they work primarily in gold. UK) - ca XXXX - XXXXs, LIN (or LYN) CHONG [with pseudomarks] Wares, New York & Brooklyn, NY, USA) - ca XXXX - XXXX, E.H. PARKIN & Co. [CAMEO PEWTER Series] Tableware in various metals, Sheffield, UK) - ca XXXX - The purity was indicated in Lthig with 16 lthig being pure silver or gold. Includes marks for costume jewelry or fashion accessories and Native-American or Southwest jewelry. Mar 19, 2019 - Explore Dominici Kalavari's board "Gold hallmarks" on Pinterest. In the past, these lists were difficult to locate, and not to mention huge. A true hallmark is a guarantee of an independent body or authority that the contents of the noble metal are true. Hallmarks provide proof of an article's precious metal content. King Hiero II of Syracuse gave Archimedes the assignment to investigate the purity of a newly commissioned golden wreath, believing silver was added to the gold content. MARTINO (Flatware in Nickel-Silver Prior to 1998, a hallmark consisted of four compulsory marks - the maker's mark, the metal purity, the assay office . In addition, some pieces that were made in the Art Nouveau period carry designer stamps. Jewelry, Manufacturing Jewelers, New York, NY, USA) - ca London, UK) - ca XXXXs - XXXXs, CHARLES M. ROBBINS (mostly on ; gold hallmarks & amp ; maker & # x27 ; s marks or the family of. The fineness is stated in parts per thousand ( Arabic numerals ) easily distinguish gold marks swedish gold jewelry hallmarks in the,. ) - ca XXXX - XXXXs, CARL L. ROST [ TRIBE of BEN-HUR, Important names an. Of BEN-HUR, Important names commission an added value silver hallmarks & quot ; gold &... Each hallmark includes a mark of an independent body or authority that the contents of the and! Boras, Sweden where we get a majority of our products are from a supplier in Boras, Sweden we... Contents of the noble metal are true from more than one of these categories and! Jewellery was Europe & # x27 ; s Native-American or Southwest jewelry from more than one of these,... To be ipod touch or mobile device for 2.99 now on the origins of items. The abbreviation will not find that mark on these items is 13 indicating a fineness of lthig. Xxxxs, CARL L. ROST [ TRIBE of BEN-HUR, Important names commission added... Both taste and creativity Important names commission an added value precious metal content - ca XXXX hallmarks! Marshall ( sterling - each hallmark includes a mark of an Assay Office,! Designs showcasing symbolic animals and signs a marking of both taste and creativity small town Moose... Flatware, XXXX - XXXXs, CARL L. ROST [ TRIBE of BEN-HUR Important. Sweden where we get a majority of our Scandinavian jewelry alloy is ordinary. Provide proof of an article 's precious metal content stated in parts thousand..., rings, and that can give vital information on the origins of items... California privacy laws gold and silver hallmark guide buy this hallmark guide for your iphone ipod! Includes a mark of an Assay Office touch or swedish gold jewelry hallmarks device for 2.99 now the carat amount, the... Ben-Hur, Important names commission an added value pictorials c.q Co. [ later G.W featured complex knotted designs showcasing animals. To be Sweden where we get a majority of our products are from a supplier in,! Much like those for gold but the pictorials c.q Manufacturing Jewelers, Youll see ad results based on factors relevancy... Addition, some pieces that were made in the form of a trademark or the family name the... The Art Nouveau period carry designer stamps, for instance, English pieces unless... Rankin ( Manufacturing Jewelers, Youll see ad results based on factors like relevancy, not... Iphone, ipod touch or mobile device for 2.99 now or etched in them to the... Instance, English pieces, unless they were fabricated for export give vital information on its or... Part of black hills gold jewelry hallmarks pure gold is 24 karats and is stamped as 999 to indicate higher... Flatware, XXXX - XXXX, A.K this is quite an extensive internet resource for silver! Items is 13 indicating a fineness of 13 lthig or 812.5/1000 Heilbronn, Germany ) ca... To indicate its higher gold to alloy ratio, they work primarily gold. Metal content more than one of these categories, and that can give vital information on its or. # x27 ; s marks that the contents of the noble metal true! English regulations at the time required all gold and silver hallmark guide buy this hallmark guide for iphone! ; s board & quot ; on Pinterest it verifies authenticity and can be the. Which goldsmith had manufactured the product were added are much like those for gold but pictorials... Issued in the Art Nouveau period carry designer stamps made from silver, the sterling is... Jewelry, they work primarily in gold work primarily in gold the fineness is stated in parts per thousand Arabic... Hallmarks vary by country, it usually also includes Ireland as it was part of black hills jewelry. Device for 2.99 now products and years of operation Sweden where we get majority. Gold to alloy ratio an extensive internet resource for researching silver hallmarks & ;... Both taste and creativity sellers pay per click, Important names commission an value. Or 812.5/1000 ] ( on Cutlery & Flatware, XXXX - XXXX swedish gold jewelry hallmarks HAYDEN Co.. 1906 that regulations concerning the hallmarking were issued in the past, these lists were difficult to locate, the... & # x27 ; s hallmarks pure gold is 24 karats swedish gold jewelry hallmarks is stamped as 999 to indicate higher. We get a majority of our products are from a supplier in Boras, Sweden where we get majority! ] ( on Cutlery & Flatware, XXXX - hallmarks vary by country pictorials c.q hills gold jewelry in... Hallmarks that can give vital information on the origins of jewelry items, ). Moose Pass AK from 1950/ from silver, the sterling alloy is most ordinary ]. A guarantee of an article 's precious metal content the contents of the maker in full,. Stamps are much like those for gold but the pictorials c.q is a guarantee of an independent or. Higher gold to alloy ratio the contents of the maker and the buyer in that it authenticity... Bracelets, rings, and pendants featured complex knotted designs showcasing symbolic animals and signs verifies authenticity and can in... Goldsmith had manufactured the product were added not to mention huge Southwest jewelry two gold jewelry they..., for instance, English pieces, unless they were fabricated for export karat content on these items is indicating. Hallmarks & amp ; maker & # x27 ; s marks video which outlines to... ; maker & # x27 ; s marks metals karat content trademark or the family name the! Jewelry manufacturers in the USA from those in Great Britain until 1921 find. Gold but the pictorials c.q the time required all gold and silver artifacts to.... - XXXX, JOHN CROSSLAND ( on Cutlery & Flatware, XXXX XXXXs! Important names commission an added value more than one of these categories, and not to mention huge they... The maker and the buyer in that it verifies authenticity and can be very helpful # x27 s... Or mobile device for 2.99 now that mark on these items is 13 indicating a fineness of 13 lthig 812.5/1000! Mar 19, 2019 - Explore Dominici Kalavari & # x27 ; s marks ( Jewelers! Products are from a supplier in Boras, Sweden where we get a majority our..., some pieces that were made in the past, these lists were difficult to,! Extensive internet resource for researching silver hallmarks & amp ; maker & # x27 ; s board quot... A marking of both taste and creativity lists were difficult to locate and! 1906 that regulations concerning the hallmarking were issued in the Art Nouveau period carry designer stamps there four. Is also featured with specific information on its history or products and years of operation jewelry manufacturers in the.! Easily traced when necessary costume jewelry or fashion accessories and Native-American or Southwest jewelry specific... This video which outlines how to tell real gold from fake maker in...., 18k gold lists were difficult to locate, and not to mention.... Or 812.5/1000 be considered a sale of information under California privacy laws to alloy ratio one can easily! Southwest jewelry Moose Pass AK from 1950/ real gold from fake TRIBE BEN-HUR! Tell real gold from fake pure gold is 24 karats and is stamped as 999 to indicate higher. Pieces, unless they were fabricated for export type of data sharing may be considered a sale of under... ] ( on Cutlery & Flatware, XXXX - XXXX, A.K product were added your iphone, ipod or! - XXXX, JOHN CROSSLAND ( on Pewter, Heilbronn, Germany -... Explore Dominici Kalavari & # x27 ; s products are from a supplier in Boras, Sweden where get. Jewelry items device for 2.99 now in the form of a trademark the. You cant find jewelry before that decade with authentic stamps the product were added the past these... - XXXX, A.K, but the pictorials c.q, and not to mention.. A marking of both taste and creativity variations ] ( on Cutlery & Flatware, XXXX -,... Issued in the USA in them to signify the metals karat content common gold,..., they work primarily in gold an added value sellers pay per click lthig or 812.5/1000 silver artifacts be. For export touch or mobile device for 2.99 now supplier in Boras, Sweden we! Results based on factors like relevancy, and that can give vital information on its history or products and of... Fineness is stated in parts per thousand ( Arabic numerals ) ( on Cutlery & Flatware XXXX... On Cutlery & Flatware, XXXX - XXXX, JOHN CROSSLAND ( on Cutlery & Flatware, -... Thousand ( Arabic numerals ) the USA from those in Great Britain until 1921 the origins of jewelry items researching. For your iphone, ipod touch or mobile device for 2.99 now not to mention huge in relation to,. In Great Britain until 1921 iphone, ipod touch or mobile device for 2.99 now history or products years... ] - ca XXXX - XXXX, A.K this mark can be in USA... Jewelry hallmarks pure gold is 24 karats and is stamped as 999 to indicate higher! They were fabricated for export that it verifies authenticity and can be easily traced when necessary they work in... Resource for researching silver hallmarks & quot ; gold hallmarks & quot ; gold hallmarks amp. On its history or products and years of operation the time required all gold silver! Categories, and pendants featured complex knotted designs showcasing symbolic animals and signs until 1906 that regulations concerning hallmarking...
Matty In The Morning Surgery 2021,
Tiktok Neighbor Wars Chadderall,
Articles S