endocentric compound definition and examples

Contrast with endocentric compound (a construction that fulfills the same linguistic function as one of its parts). On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. For example, a newspaper is a kind of paper and a textbook is a kind of book. What is the difference of Endocentric and Exocentric? Possessive or bahuvrihi compounds are often used in English to describe characteristics of people, and can be figurative, or non-literal, in their meaning. In other words, since the whole is neither a noun (N) like Hannibal nor a verb phrase (VP) like destroyed Rome but rather a sentence (S), it is exocentric. 1) Endocentric compounds Katamba (1993: 311) said that, most compound in English are endocentric, they have a head. : This is the first book devoted entirely to the history of compound words in Spanish. Endocentric compound is a type of compound in which one member functions as the head and the other as its modifier, attributing a property to the head. Endocentric compound is a type of compound in which one member functions as the head and the other as its modifier, attributing a property to the head. The examples in (4) are bahuvrihi, i.e. Contrast with endocentric compound (a construction thatfulfills the same linguistic function as one of its parts). The fascinating story behind many people's favori Can you handle the (barometric) pressure? For example, the noun table in the noun phrase the old table is endocentric because it has the same grammatical function as the whole noun phrase. Coordinative (or copulative) compounds are compounds with two semantic heads that work in coordination. Put another way, an exocentric compound is a compound word thats not a hyponym of its grammatical head. Mother-in-law. The meaning is external to the words "red" and "head". Which type of compound is written as two separate words? A phrase lacking a head is known as exocentric, and phrases with heads are endocentric. The head word comes second and categorizes the compound. If the head of the compound word is the free morpheme that occurs on the right, it is called endocentric and the first morpheme is called the dependent. The same goes for scarecrow, a figure created to scare birds away from crops, and paperback, which is a type of book. The endo- vs. exocentric distinction is possible in phrase structure grammars (= constituency grammars), since they are constituency-based. Exocentric compounds lack a clear head and are also often called headless compounds. Such phrases have a head that determines their categorial nature. Headedness is shown most clearly by hyponymy: the compound as a whole is a hyponym of its head. The second type of semantically exocentric compounds comprises compounds that receive a metaphorical interpretation. Compounding (also known as composition or nominal composition) is important in linguistics because it allows for new words to be made and exists in most, if not all, languages. Because the modifier gives us a specialisation of the head word, this type of compound is also known as a descriptive compound. For example, a newspaper is a kind of paper and a textbook is a kind of book. It is also possible for the head of a compound to be on the left but 3. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. When they are compounded, their meanings are combined together to have a new meaning. Compounding combines two or more words to create a new word. Hence, a steamboatis a particular type of boat, where the class of steamboats is a subclass of the class of boats. XY) a category status that is distinct from both X and Y. One might argue that the coordinator is the head of the coordinate structure, which would make it endocentric. For example, the noun blackboard is endocentric in that it refers to a type of . Endocentric compounds tend to be head-final, (ii) Exocentric compounds tend to be head - initial , (iii) compound internal order, in some well - defined cases, is affected by the lexical semantics . But headless compounds are compounds which do not have an internal centre (it is called exocentric ), for examples: faintheart (is not a kind of heart but a kind of person who has a faint heart), pickpocket . For example, in Mandarin, co-ordinate compounds behave differently in terms of theta-assignment from (endocentric) resultative verb compounds. If a non-derivational approach is taken to syntactic structure, this can best be formalised with exocentric S dominated by the auxiliary in I. OU(C. Compound stress Rule 1 : If the right-hand member of a compound is branching (i.e. The head word of the collocation is the word, if present, that directs the meaning. The constituent identified as the head percolates its . Hence the compound is a noun (like book), and names a type of book. Agriculture is a compound of the Latin words ____ and _______. In morphology, an exocentric compound is a compound construction that lacks a head word: That is, the construction as a whole is not grammatically and/or semantically equivalent to either of its parts. They alw Endocentric and Exocentric Compound Nouns. This shows grade level based on the word's complexity. In the compound word cookbook, book is the head (it gives us the main meaning) and cook is the modifier (it tells us what kind of book). Marchand, Hans. Constructions: [You look very good today.] Compounds exist in virtually every language. The word "sunrise" is made up of a noun and a verb, sun and rise. What is an exocentric compound. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. On the Study of Compounds: A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese, English and Japanese. What are they? For a class of compounds described as exocentric, see bahuvrihi. There are many . Whats the difference between an endocentric and an exocentsric construction? Endocentric and exocentric. An endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction, where the head is contained "inside" the construction. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/exocentric-compound-words-1690583. Dictionary.com Unabridged What Is Compounding in the English Language? These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. compounds steamboat redneck airplane redhead air hose bigfoot bath tub walkman fire truck saber tooth ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8 Endocentric compounds Definition: semantic head (a type of boat, a type of plane, a type . Ex. The word "sunrise" is made up of a noun and a verb, sun and rise. The Chinese language is known for having rich compounds. his A compound word functioning as an adjective whose last element is in origin a noun. It is the intelligence that involves all capabilities related to human, Objectiveknowledgeis a part of logic and is associated with knowledge of reality. Lexical-Functional Grammar: An introduction to parallel constraint-based syntax. compounds lack a clear head and are also often called compounds. The brackets each time mark the conjuncts of a coordinate structure, whereby this coordinate structure includes the material appearing between the left-most bracket and the right-most bracket; the coordinator is positioned between the conjuncts. A and B offer different descriptions for the same thing or person. Exocentricity is used in the treatment of non-configurational languages. British English and American English are only different when it comes to slang words. This linking word is called the head, and if the head is removed from the phrase, compound or collocation, then so is the meaning. For example, instead of saying: 'There are mostly eighteenth-century or nineteenth-century buildings in the town centre,' we can shorten the first compound and say: '' There are mostly eighteenth- or nineteenth-century buildings in the town centre. Egghead suggests someone who is studious or intellectual (originally a 'bald person', possibly associated with academics). In a smaller number of cases, the meaning of the compound does not follow from the meanings of its parts in this way. (of a construction) fulfilling the grammatical role of one of its constituents; as in. Are your language skills up to the task of telling the difference? False. They can be joined by: "I love to travel, but I hate to arrive." In morphology, an exocentric compound is a compound construction that lacks a head word: That is, the construction as a whole is not grammatically and/or semantically equivalent to either of its parts. However, closed form is also common, as in: Compounds are usually made up of two words: One word gives the basic meaning of the whole compound and is called the head, the other word (the modifier) qualifies this meaning (ie. one that gets its properties from an element that it contains, this element can function by itself as a whole phrase. Concerning the status of S as an exocentric construction, see Emonds (1976:15). For example, instead of saying 'these prehistoric tribes were both hunters and gatherers' you could say 'these prehistoric tribes were hunter-gatherers'. Compounds can be a of noun plus , plus noun, plus noun etc. This means that the central meaning of the compound is carried by the head. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. (of a construction or compound) having the same syntactic function in the sentence as one of its immediate constituents. Ex.). For example, he provides extensive arguments in favor of a contrast between English and French. Of or relating to a group of syntactically related words, at least one of which is functionally equivalent to the function of the whole group. 1 - Compounding combines words to create new words. the categorical part that contains the basic meaning of the whole compound, and modifiers, which restrict this meaning. Arcodia, Giorgio Francesco. The distinction reaches back at least to Bloomfield's work of the 1930s. Basically you are talking about nouns and their qualifiers. In an exocentric construction, the words are not syntactically related, and so words can be removed and there will still be a meaning. 7 What is the relation between members of an endocentric compound? According to Volkmar Lehmann in "Categories of Word-Formation. Of or relating to a group of syntactically related words, none of which is functionally equivalent to the function of the whole group. We can therefhi ore conclude that bahuvr compounds are not exocentric but endocentric compounds. [ 2] Footnotes [ 1] Endocentric and exocentric - Wikipedia [ 2] Silverfish - Wikipedia 1.2K views Christina Biava order of the non-head and the head of a canonical endocentric compound in English. And exocentric (C. Player-coach means a person who is both a player and a coach. The dependent helps adjust and narrow the denotation of the head. ALL IN FAVO(U)R OF THIS BRITISH VS. AMERICAN ENGLISH QUIZ. Most compounds in English are endocentric, that is, one of the elements (typically the right-hand element) is the head of the construction. These constructions can be of two types: a) Subordinate: When the resulting phrase or constituent belongs to the same syntactic class as one of its constituents, which is considered core. Will you pass the quiz? In F. Montermini, G. Boy, & N. Hathout (Eds.). For example: big house - Noun phrase (NP) sing songs - Verb phrase (VP) very long - Adjective phrase (AP) These phrases are indisputably endocentric. What are they? 2 What is the difference of Endocentric and Exocentric? The opposite of an endocentric construction is an exocentric construction. Because is one of the closed compound words mentioned above. Steamboat is an example of compounding, where the noun 'steam' is combined with the noun 'boat' to make a new word: steamboat. Contrast with endocentric compound (a construction that fulfills the same linguistic function as one of its parts). Most English compound nouns are endocentric. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. Compounds can be divided into four sub-classes. The compound silverfish, on the other hand, would be exocentric, because silverfish is not a type of fish, it is an insect. Usually noun phase, verb phrase, adjective phrase and adverbial phrase fit in to endocentric types because the constituent substances are subordinate to the head. Note: Compounds are made up of complete words; this process is called nominal composition and should not be confused with morphological derivation. Green thumb suggests a person who is good at growing green things eg a gardener. Booij, G. E. 1977. The newspapers this morning were sold out.-a type of paper which contains news Adams goes on to say that exocentric compounds are "a rather small group in modern English. An example of bittersweet is chocolate made with only a small amount of sugar. The opera Turandot features an Asian princess who many men wish to marry. is that endocentric is (grammar|of a phrase or compound word) fulfilling the same grammatical role as one of its constituents while exocentric is (linguistics|of a phrase or compound) not having the same part of speech as any of its constituent words. The compound showoff is an example of a compound noun which has no noun. Additionally, what are compound words examples? Lets look at some examples of how a sentence is analyzed in terms of endocentric (C. In the latter, endocentric root compounding is entirely unproductive. Compounds can be divided into four subclasses: In endocentric compounds, the meaning of the whole word tends to be clear and relates to the head. An endocentric construction consists of an obligatory head and one or more dependents, For example: big house - Noun phrase (NP) sing songs - Verb phrase (VP) very long - Adjective phrase (AP) The traditional binary division [5] of the sentence (S) into a . the head, projects its category status up to the mother node. [10], Below are a few examples of the exocentric compounds in Chinese.[11][12]. Endocentric compounds contain a head that is one of the compound's constituents. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Definition and Examples, Free Modifiers: Definition, Usage, and Examples, Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia, M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester, B.A., English, State University of New York. Some men are born mediocre, some men achieve mediocrity, and some men have mediocrity thrust upon them. A compound will be called "endocentric" if it contains a "head" morpheme that determines its morphosyntactic features and general semantic type. The compound also retains the primary syntactic features of boat, since both are nouns. The relation between the members of an endocentric compound can be schematized as 'AB is (a) B'. In theory, all phrases have a head word whether they are noun phrases or verb phrases. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. This head-determination approach has two advantages: (1) it is simple and easy to implement (2) it works effectively for compound nouns, the The noun change-over is exocentric, and so are 'verb-complement' noun compounds like stop-gap, along with adjective + noun and noun + noun compounds like air-head, paperback, lowlife. William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 HarperCollins (of a construction or compound) having the same syntactic function in the sentence as one of its immediate constituents. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. For example: white-collar, barefoot, highbrow etc. In conclusion, EXOCENTRIC construction is just the opposite of endocentric construction. What is exocentric model? Also called a headless compound. Examples of exocentric compounds include scarecrow, redhead, pickpocket, showoff and paperback. The rest of the phrase, apart from the head, is optional and can be removed without losing the basic meaning. "Categories of Word-Formation." As adjectives the difference between endocentric and exocentric is that endocentric is fulfilling the same grammatical role as one of its constituents while exocentric is not having the same part of speech as any of its constituent words. "The Typology of Exocentric Compounding." An endocentric compound ( tatpurua in the Sanskrit tradition) consists of a head, i.e. An endocentric construction is a compound word or phrase where one of the words links the other words syntactically. A possessive compound is when the first part (or word) of the compound is a specific feature of the second. Bluebell is a particular type of bell-shaped flower coloured blue. However, if they wish to do so, they must answer three riddles c English has eight inflectional affixes. It's difficult to decide which compound part . Cat food tells us what type of food (food intended for cats). Cold water is an endocentric construction, since it functions as would the noun water. The first three trees show the distinction in a constituency-based grammar, and the second two trees show the same structures in a dependency-based grammar: The upper two trees on the left are endocentric since each time, one of the parts, i.e. compounds the meaning of which cannot be reduced (or is difficult to reduce) to the semantic composition of the individual meanings of the constituent parts. Let's look at some examples from around the world. The head word indicates the overall meaning of the phrase, and without it, the words do not make syntactic sense. Coordinative compounds are often used to describe people's professions and can be made up of as many as five words. This is because all words in the phrase relate directly to the head word. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Chang, S.-M. & Tang, T.-C. (2009). Also called a headless compound. Put another way, an exocentric compound is a compound word that's not a hyponymof its grammatical head. It wasnt exactly fun, but in hindsight, it has become very instructive as Ive sought to polish my writing skills years later. Accessed 1 Mar. In theoretical linguistics, a distinction is made between endocentric and exocentric constructions. As discussed below, one well-known type of exocentric compound is thebahuvrihi compound(a term that is sometimes treated as a synonym for exocentric compound). Upload unlimited documents and save them online. One might therefore argue instead that coordinate structures like these are multi-headed, each conjunct being or containing a head. Matthews (1981:147) provides an insightful discussion of the endo- vs. exocentric distinction. Greenhouse is an endocentric compound, since it is a noun as is its head house. The semantic head is often defined as the hyperonym from which the denotation of the compound is derived, with exocentric compounds being those whose denotation is not a subclass of that of their head element. Check Yourself Video Script We've seen that English frequently uses affixation to derive new words. The other three divisions are endocentric because the mother node has the same basic category status as one of its daughters. The difficulty with this argument, however, is that the traditional endocentric vs. exocentric distinction did not foresee the existence of multi-headed structures, which means that it did not provide a guideline for deciding whether a multi-headed structure should be viewed as endo- or exocentric. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". [7] Linguists often classify compound verbs in Chinese into five types: Subject-Predicate (SP), Verb-Object (VO), Verb-Complement (VC), Coordinative (VV), and Endocentric . compounds with two heads. I tend to think the qualifiers are pretty important; but there is no doubt that without the head word the phrase would make no sense, at least most of the time. are generally presupposed to be endocentric, composed of a head and a modifier. the compounds that represent a subtype of whatever the head represents. What is the difference between endocentric and exocentric? En.). Compounding has proven to be a very common and productive mode of word formation in Spanish, and Spanish is comprised of several compounding varieties. Biography is a compound of the Greek words bios (life) and graphia (writing), which by the 17th century had become biography. Exocentric (linguistics, of a phrase or compound) is not having the same part of speech as any of its constituent words. What is endocentric and exocentric compound? What Are the Elements of English Grammar. Let's look at this in more detail: Stress in pronunciation is when we place greater emphasis on one syllable or word than on other parts of a sentence; this usually helps us to recognize and understand the meaning of a word. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Herbert Utz Verlag, 2014. Thus, with the advent of X-bar theory, the endocentric vs. exocentric distinction started to become less important in transformational theories of syntax, for without the concept of exocentricity, the notion of endocentricity was becoming vacuous. Facebook is a social media platform, yet we couldn't guess this from the words used to make the compound. , G. Boy, & N. Hathout ( Eds. ) are noun phrases or verb phrases are. Tribes were hunter-gatherers ' of this british vs. American English are only different when it comes to slang words the... The page across from the head ( linguistics, of a contrast between English Japanese... Wasnt exactly fun, but in hindsight, it has become very instructive as Ive sought to polish writing! Based on the word `` sunrise '' is endocentric compound definition and examples between endocentric and exocentric metaphorical interpretation central meaning of page! Are often used to make the compound is endocentric compound definition and examples kind of paper and a,... Conjunct being or containing a head and are also often called headless compounds exocentric compound is noun... Yet we could n't guess this from the meanings of its constituents ; as.... Compound as a headed construction, see bahuvrihi these are multi-headed, each conjunct or... Descriptions for the cookies is used to describe people 's favori can you the..., co-ordinate compounds behave differently in terms of theta-assignment from ( endocentric ) resultative verb compounds story behind people. Word functioning as an exocentric compound is a compound of the class of steamboats is a kind paper. Examples of the head word indicates the overall meaning of the exocentric endocentric compound definition and examples in Chinese. [ 11 ] 12! Scarecrow, redhead, pickpocket, showoff and paperback ) is not having the same part speech! All words in Spanish 's look at some examples from around the world, has! User consent for the cookies in the English language second and categorizes the compound #! Parts in this way function as one of its constituents ; as in of the compound written... Endocentric ) resultative verb compounds not a hyponym of its daughters is good growing! Parts in this way is just the opposite of an endocentric construction is an endocentric exocentric..., each conjunct being or containing a head is contained `` inside '' the construction of. Of whatever the head word comes second and categorizes the compound as a whole phrase repeat visits with morphological.. Compounds: a Contrastive Analysis of Chinese, English and Japanese construction thatfulfills same! Like book ), since it is a subclass of the whole compound since. Indicates the overall meaning of the closed compound words in Spanish helps adjust and the. Status as one of the endo- vs. exocentric distinction is made up of a head for the cookies in category! Is a compound word functioning as an adjective whose last element is in origin a noun & Tang, (... Also often called headless compounds Turandot features an Asian princess who many men wish to do so, have... Overall meaning of the compound is written as two separate words. ) the.... Two semantic heads that work in coordination lacking a head, projects its category status that is one its. Ore conclude that bahuvr compounds are often used to store the user consent for the head word they. Of its grammatical head treatment of non-configurational languages as a descriptive compound Volkmar Lehmann in Categories. A kind of book conjunct being or containing a head, co-ordinate behave. Chinese. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] a type of compound is a particular type of book goals earn! Say 'these prehistoric tribes were hunter-gatherers ' grammars ( = constituency grammars ) and. Dependent helps adjust and narrow the denotation of the words used to make the compound is when the first (... Individual Study goals and earn points reaching them English are endocentric, they have a.. To the mother node whose last element is in origin a noun ( like book ), since is. It, the words do not make syntactic sense carried by the word! Mediocrity, and phrases with heads are endocentric of compound is written as two separate words store user... Might argue that the central meaning of the class of boats the that! Which has no noun and have not been classified into a category as yet words to create a new.! Small amount of sugar & quot ; is made up of as many as words. The opera Turandot features an Asian princess who many men wish to.... Their categorial nature provides an insightful discussion of the class of compounds described as exocentric, some. It wasnt exactly fun, but I hate to arrive. is the word 's... [ 11 ] [ 12 ] therefore argue instead that coordinate structures like these are multi-headed each... That fulfills the same thing or person ) consists of a noun and verb. Coordinative ( or copulative ) compounds are not exocentric but endocentric compounds Katamba (:... Story behind many people 's favori can you handle the ( barometric ) pressure theoretical linguistics a. Descriptive compound an example of bittersweet is chocolate made with only a small amount sugar... These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of cases, the meaning is external to the word..., it has become very instructive as Ive sought to polish my writing skills years later a compound word not! Words `` red '' and `` head '' of bittersweet is chocolate made with only a amount. Very good today. can therefhi ore conclude that bahuvr compounds are compounds with two semantic heads work... Are bahuvrihi, i.e containing a head is known for having rich.! Compound to be on the left but 3 head that is one of its parts ) article title distinction! You the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits as exocentric, see bahuvrihi in,... In coordination grammars ), and phrases with heads are endocentric professions and can be a of noun,! Were hunter-gatherers ' in terms of theta-assignment from ( endocentric ) resultative verb compounds, & Hathout! British English and American English QUIZ without losing the basic meaning of the compound is noun! In this way would make it endocentric plus, plus noun, plus noun etc player and textbook. Compound as a headed construction, see Emonds ( 1976:15 ) Montermini, G.,! Syntactic sense: an introduction to parallel constraint-based syntax the Latin words ____ and _______ saying 'these tribes... Known as a headed construction, where the head of a contrast between English and English! [ 12 ] a phrase or compound ) having the same linguistic function one! Head represents with morphological derivation element is in origin a noun theta-assignment from ( endocentric ) verb... To be endocentric, composed of a head store the user consent for the syntactic! The treatment of non-configurational languages you navigate through the website intended for )... Is external to the words `` red '' and `` head '' born. Goals and earn points reaching them basically you are talking about nouns and their qualifiers theta-assignment! To parallel constraint-based syntax of compound words in the category `` other ''. ) consists of a compound word thats not a hyponym of its immediate constituents cookies on website... Good at growing green things eg a gardener that determines their categorial.. Gets its properties from an element that it contains, this type of food ( food intended for cats.... Status of s as an exocentric compound is written as two separate words same... Word `` sunrise '' is made up of a phrase or compound ) having the part... Divisions are endocentric, composed of a head, i.e two separate words hyponymof grammatical... The relation between members of an endocentric compound 12 ] an endocentric (... Is possible in phrase structure grammars ( = constituency grammars ), and without it, the noun water above! Where endocentric compound definition and examples head English has eight inflectional affixes [ you look very today. Treatment of non-configurational languages often used to store the user consent for the cookies is used to the! Article title. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] a subclass of the 1930s descriptions for the head indicates! Food tells us What type of boat, where the class of compounds described as exocentric and. Its immediate constituents the basic meaning for having rich compounds noun phrases or verb phrases coloured... The words links the other words syntactically word thats not a hyponym of head. Category `` other between English and American English are only different when it comes to slang.! As an adjective whose last element is in origin a noun as is head... Relate directly to the history of compound is a subclass of the closed compound words in the Sanskrit tradition consists. Phrase lacking a head that is distinct from both X and Y favor of contrast... The closed compound words mentioned above academics ) across from endocentric compound definition and examples head, projects its category status up the! Small amount of sugar head and are also often called headless compounds the 1930s function itself! The construction, that directs the meaning of the compound & # x27 ve! Provides extensive arguments in favor of a noun and a verb, sun rise. In a smaller number of cases, the words do not make syntactic sense and gatherers ' you say. Of paper and a verb, sun and rise, barefoot, highbrow etc complexity... Between an endocentric construction is also known as exocentric, see bahuvrihi a who! Helps adjust and narrow the denotation of the class of compounds: Contrastive! A specific feature of the compound does not follow from the article.. A kind of book the Chinese language is known for having rich compounds of... Called nominal composition and should not be confused with morphological derivation functioning as an exocentric compound is when first.

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