rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom

Shortly after becoming king, Henry enacted a pro-Spanish and anti-French policy. The Spanish drove the French out of Italy in 1495. In the process, he helped bring the Italian Renaissance to France. The Anglican Church thus became an independent national body, based on some of the teachings of Protestant reformer Martin Luther. The aged Jimnez de Cisneros, who was now archbishop of Toledo, acted as regent of Castile until Charles arrived in Spain. Ferdinand became king of Aragon when his father, King John II (13971479; ruled 145879), died in 1479. For years Elizabeth gave her protection in England, even though Mary was in line for the English throne because she was a granddaughter of King James IV (14731513; ruled 14881513) of Scotland and Margaret Tudor (14891514). Soon the stability of England was threatened by complex internal conflicts over the question of who should be king. The last group of colonists mysteriously disappeared. Philip VI claimed he should rule because of the so-called Salic Law, which stated that the right to the throne must pass through a male line only. and the southwestern United States. After much negotiation, the following outcomes of the Yalta Conference emerged: Unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany, the division of Germany and Berlin into four occupational zones controlled by the United States, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union. From 1609 until 1614, between 300,000 and 350,000 Moriscos were forced to leave Spain. Mary Tudor (15161558; ruled 155358) took the throne as Queen Mary I in 1553, after Jane Grey's nine-day reign. He was daring and courageous in battle, to the point of folly. Once he had returned to France, however, Francis declared the Treaty of Madrid to be null and void. Among them was William I Prince of Orange (15331584), the spiritual leader of the rebellion. quasi-independent province, into royal lands. Land occupied by churches, monasteries (houses for men called monks, who dedicated themselves to the religious life), and James's court was a less happy place than Elizabeth's, however, because he suffered from financial difficulties and his favorite aides were unpopular with political leaders. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? James again tried to remain free of the war by arranging an alliance with a Catholic country. As he rode from Edinburgh to London in 1603, shortly after becoming king, he was met by a group of Puritans (members of the Anglican Church who advocated strict reforms). By the time of Henry VIII's death in 1547, most of the monastic land had been sold to noblemen and members of the gentry. At home, Ferdinand concentrated on gaining control of territory around France so that France would not invade Spain. Jewish leaders such as Abraham He was the first of the Bourbon line of rulers. The Peace of Westphalia (1648), which ended the Thirty Years' War, and the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659) marked the end of Habsburg dominance. According to the contract, they were to rule their own kingdomsthat is, Ferdinand was the king of Aragon and Isabella was the queen of Castile. Once an answer is selected, it cannot be changed. The new line would give Portugal authority over Brazil when it was discovered five years later. An able but somewhat colorless ruler, Henry succeeded in establishing the position of his new dynasty, increasing the efficiency of the government, and enhancing the wealth of the monarchy. They provided the basis for the elegant architectural style developed by Christopher Wren (16321723) later in the century. In 1584 Philip began Spanish financial aid to France's Catholic League in an unsuccessful effort to put a Catholic on the throne of France. Answers. Francis also received a proper noble education in the art of war. Gama's handling of the Samuri's diplomatic efforts was only a hint of the brutality later committed by the Portuguese invasion force in Asia and the Indies. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. (During the Renaissance, the term "prince" referred to a military and political ruler, including a king.) Ferdinand was the crown prince of the kingdom of Aragon when, in 1469, he married Isabella, who was his cousin and heir to the throne of Castile. The monarchs reorganized the Santa Hermandad into a national militia (citizens army) that was funded by towns. In spite of the spectacular defeat of the Spanish Armada, which established English dominance of the seas, Elizabeth encountered problems in the final years of her reign. The following year Charles retired to a monastery and Philip became king of Spain. An important revolution in English architecture was begun by Inigo Jones (15731652). The Portuguese viceroy placed in charge of Portuguese colonization, Alfonso de Albuquerque battered his way across the Indian Ocean. The marriage contract stated that Ferdinand and Isabella would rule their own kingdoms and that Aragon and Castile were not to be merged. They knew that John of Austria locations. The Jesuit missionary Jacques Marquette (16371675), on a 1673 expedition to carry traders and goods into New France's fur-trapping country, discovered a new North American river, the Mississippi, and descended it all the way to the mouth of the Arkansas River before returning. You can play in a way that suits your style,whether that be reckless military adventurism and dreams of global dominance,or quiet and unobtrusive statecraft and dreams of a happy populace. Among them were Drake, John Hawkins (15321595), and Martin Frobisher (c. 15351594). Complete disaster awaited Francis at Pavia, a city near Milan, in February 1525. . Records such as reports from the Christian Council of Elvira in 313 show that Christians immediately began pressuring Jews to convert to Christianity. Olivares's plans caused revolts in Catalonia, a region of Aragon. Although he would ultimately rescue Louis the Pious on both occasions, the . Henry had named a large council of regents to rule England until Edward was old enough to be king. Although he sailed as far as the Venezuelan coast, he never found the rich kingdoms of the Orient. England was still a Catholic country and the pope's consent was required before Henry could get a divorce. The Catholic sovereigns had specific goals: they wanted to bring the remainder of the Iberian Peninsula under their control, crush opposition groups, centralize the government, and unify the Spanish kingdoms. The final push for Italian unification came in 1859, led by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (then the wealthiest and most liberal of the Italian states), and orchestrated by Piedmont-Sardinia's Prime Minister, Count Camillo di Cavour. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Finally, he became so obsessed by his rivalry with Holy Roman Emperor Charles V that he lost all sense of proportion, spending heavily on unsuccessful wars against Spain. Elizabeth was highly educated. Edward was returned to the throne. Yet Elizabeth is best remembered for her accomplishments, such as strengthening the Anglican Church and keeping government finances stable. allowed Napoleon Bonaparte to establish a totalitarian dictatorship in France. Cao Cao Most of all, she embodied the spirit of her peoplea determination to survive and indeed prosper in the face of enormous odds. The Carolingian Dynasty (751-887) was a family of Frankish nobles who ruled Francia and its successor kingdoms in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. The conflic, Catherine de' Medici Leading the venture would be an experienced admiral, the marquis of Santa Cruz. when he began competing against Charles I, the young king of Spain. The Spaniards' worst fears were realized when Charles's political advisers arrived in Spain. In 1502 Moriscos were also given the choice of converting to Christianity In 1530 Clement VII officially crowned Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor. In Here, you can find the complete list of all questions used for the Preliminary, Midterm, and Final Exams. They were usually connected with the Gym nasia, or schools for wrestling, and other exercises , and consisted of different apartments, generally separated from each other, and intermixed with other places of BAT 39 exercise ; so that it is probable they were adapted to the nature of the school of exercise to which they were joined. Joan was condemned to death for alleged heresy and witchcraft (use of supernatural powers to summon evil spirits). In 1492 Queen Isabella, the monarch of Spain, commissioned Columbus to prove he could find the western route. Many who refused to reject Protestant beliefs continued to worship in underground churches or fled to countries on the European continent. Although the English maintained control of Calais until 1558, they were never again a serious threat to French sovereignty, or independent rule. Francia was never a country except to those living far enough outside it they never had to visit, the Arabs and Romans in particular (which is why 'Frank' still denotes all Westerners in Greek and Arabic, but not in German or French). Tudor monarchs, beginning with Henry VII, played an important role in the English Renaissance. They also wanted to end the use of wedding rings, which were believed to be popish because Catholics wore them. In America, Spanish conquistadors had established courts of law in eight colonies, as well as three universities. Religious fanaticism soon intensified. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Tudors reigned over the English Renaissance. Those who did not confess their sins or undergo genuine conversion were severely punished or executed. She cared for the aging king and tried to be a mother to his children. Game Guide. But Francis would never again be as successful as he was at the end of 1516. A nationalistic spirit began to emerge among the English, however, with a campaign launched by King Henry V, whose everyday language was English. Crowned King William I of England (also known as William the Conqueror; ruled 106687), he introduced French language and culture into that country. The Moors established a new culture on the Iberian Peninsula. At that time, however, the pope was considered to be God's representative on Earth and the supreme authority in all religious and political matters, so a king was expected to accept the pope's decision. During her long reign Renaissance ideas dominated literature. Upon the death of Henry III in 1589, the government of France was taken over by Henry of Navarre (15531610; ruled 15891610), a Protestant, who became King Henry IV. In the New World, Spanish conquistadors accomplished the "taming of America" by subduing various Native American groups. Children, slaves, and "good Christians" (those people who had sincerely converted to Christianity) numbering in the tens of thousands were allowed to remain in the country. Along the route, the Portuguese started trading posts and supply stations, often by fighting off natives who tried to repel the intruders. The Germanic Franks migrated into north-eastern France and what is now Belgium during the fourth and fifth centuries as the Roman empire was fading . After the battle at Ceuta, Henry became obsessed with gaining access to exotic markets in Africa. Infuriated that the pope had sided with France, Charles sent his Spanish and German troops into Rome in 1527. The Spanish controlled the western route to the Indies around the southern tip of the Americas, and the Portuguese controlled the way east, around Africa. A significant development in all three of these monarchies was the rise of nationalism, or pride in and loyalty to one's homeland, which was a distinctive feature of the Renaissance period. After Marco Polo's explorations, the Mongols, who ruled all of Asia and parts of the European continent, had allowed free overland access to European merchants. This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. The Netherlands had always been the Spanish territory closest to Charles's heart, and many noblemen wept during his speech. In 1553 she restored the Latin Mass and the following year she recognized the jurisdiction of the pope in England. On September 13 and 14, 1515, at Marignano (now Melegnano) near Milan, Francis won the greatest triumph in what was to be his long career as a military leader. Joan stood near Charles VII as he was crowned king at Rheims, France, in 1429. Charles's enemies, German Protestant princes who were seeking independence from the Holy Roman Empire, banded together in an elaborate alliance known as the Schmalkaldic League (see "Schmalkaldic League" in Chapter 5). A year later, in October and November 1520, Magellan navigated the treacherous straits (now known as the Straits of Magellan) at the continent's cape and sailed across the Pacific, the world's largest ocean. Nevertheless, Henry managed to recruit many able sea captains to go on his venture. Consequently, the earliest efforts at exploration by the English, Dutch, and French concentrated on lands unclaimed by either country, democratic rule. But in this second war, which began in 1527, Charles was destined to win an even greater victory. His childhood was remarkable because of his enlightened, humanist education. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Don't forget - part of your success is choosing the best civilization to lead to victory, and we've already talked about that. As the Renaissance moved north of Italy in the fifteenth century, northern and central Europe was even more fragmented. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. In 1470, with the support of King Louis XI of France (14231483, ruled 146183), the house of Lancaster managed to return Henry VI and Margaret to the throne. Barbarossa fled to Algiers (now Algeria), in North Africa, with the remnant of his fleet. He also formed marriage alliances for his children with the royal families of England and the house of Habsburg (a royal family in Austria). The ships did not set sail again until July. His troops annihilated Swiss mercenaries hired by Massimiliano Sforza (14931530), duke of Milan (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). They had heard stories about people being burnt black by the sun in the hot climate and about vicious sea monsters and giants lurking under the sea. His excuse was that he was forced to sign the document at a time when he could not think clearly. Although England was smaller than France, it was able to gather a large army. Their efforts were inspired by the humanist ideals of questioning authority and valuing the worth of the individual (see "Humanists promote change" in Chapter 1, and "Humanism sparks Renaissance" in Chapter 8). In fact, only the Dutch had any success in attacking European empires in America. He also increased his power in Languedoc and Toulouse in the south. With the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, Spain's two largest Christian kingdoms, Aragon (in central Spain) and Castile (in eastern Spain), were united into a powerful force. At the time of the Moorish invasion, Christianity was also the dominant religion on the Iberian Peninsula. Ferdinand remained regent of Castile. Their efforts to find a sea route to Asia (then called the Indies) resulted in the European age of exploration, one of the great achievements of the Renaissance period. There have been hundreds, if not thousands, of different kingdoms throughout history. The enormous strain of directing such a massive empire had taken a toll on Charles. Louis the German's rise to power, however, was not a smooth one, because internal turmoil plagued the Carolingian empire in the 830s and early 840s. official symbol of France, painted on his shield. Mary had widespread popular support, and she immediately began undoing the Reformation in two stages. However, Henry's sons, Richard and John, were unable to hold these far-flung territories against the vigorous assaults of Louis VII's son Philip Augustus (11651223; ruled 11801223). To accomplish this goal, he arranged for Henry to marry Anne of Cleves (15151557), sister of the duke of Cleves, ruler of a small territory in the Rhine River region of Germany. Charles saw this as a chance to occupy Naples, so he marched his army into Italy. Although Francis had able military advisers, he failed to score a victory. Giving in to pressure from the noblemen and Charles's Flemish advisers, Ferdinand rewrote his will and named Charles as his heir. leaders met with the king and some of the officers of the Anglican Church. The cities replaced fiefs as population centers. They wanted to seek him out so they could join forces with him and convert the "lost souls" of Asia and Africa. In yet another change of mind, many noblemen began demanding that Charles's brother Ferdinand be named king. The two great civilizations of the New World, the Aztecs and the Incas, were conquered by these explorers, who killed the native leaders and placed themselves in the existing top social class. The decision to seek a water route resulted in one of the most explosive and significant eras in the history of the world. Mary then had Elizabeth arrested and sent to the Tower of London (a prison for members of royalty and the nobility), and later to Woodstock. They rarely called meetings of the Cortes (Parliament, or central law-making body) and they appointed middle-class people to government offices. Mary was a Catholic who had been driven from Scotland by Protestants. 1 France And Germany Were Both Once Part Of What Kingdom? When Francis swore as a gentleman to return to captivity if he failed to live up to his end of the bargain, Charles agreed to set him free. Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. Those who chose to stay in Spain had to submit to baptism (a ceremony marking admission into the Christian religion) or be put to death. The prospect of having Charles someday take the thrones of both Castile and Aragon disturbed Ferdinand. Feudalism was by now a well-established system, and France was divided into numerous fiefscalled duchiesthat were ruled by dukes. After Elizabeth reluctantly signed the death warrant, Essex was executed. A: Enemy Elim . The rivalry between the English and the French over the throne of France resulted in the Hundred Years' War (13371453; see also "England" section later in this chapter). 3. The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic era. Rise of Kingdoms' success story is a great example of this. Much of the wealth seized from the religious houses was spent on warfare. Between 10,000 and 14,000 Frenchmen died, and many others were taken prisoner, including Francis himself. Anne came to England and married Henry in 1540, but the king found her unattractive. These two buildings introduced to England the classical style of such Italian Renaissance architects as Andrea Palladio (15081580). Their attempts to conquer and colonize these new lands were the beginning of what is known today as a global economy. Francis openly challenged Charles and Henry for election to the vacant throne of the Holy Roman Empire. The English colonies, especially in the South, would later establish a plantation economy, producing chiefly tobacco and cotton, that relied heavily on the use of African slaves. He was put on trial and sentenced to death. In 1520 Wolsey, Henry's principal adviser, attempted to bring peace to Europe by arranging the Treaty of London, but this scheme was not workable. His greatest enemy was Charles the Bold (14331477; ruled 146777), duke of Burgundy, who ruled Burgundy virtually as an independent state. Equipped with longbows and arrows that could pierce French armor, the English defeated the French cavalry. This policy continued for more than twenty years. From their base of operations in Quebec, New France's capital, the French surged farther into the North American interior. While they were less numerous in Catalonia, Castile, Estremadura, and Andalusia, Moriscos comprised about one-fifth of the population (50,000 people) in Aragon and one-third of the population (100,000 people) of Valencia. Nevertheless, she followed the religious policies of her father and brother. Meanwhile, as the Reformation gained momentum in France, extreme bitterness developed between French families that had backed the Huguenot cause and those that had remained Catholic. The Christians were trying to recapture the Holy Land (called Palestine at the time; the territory is now in parts of Israel, Jordan, and Egypt), which they considered sacred because it was the place where Jesus of Nazareth founded Christianity. The soldiers were equally angrynot at the pope but at Charlesbecause they had not received their wages. When we look at existing monarchies in Europe, following are of German descent: Royal Family of Belgium. In 1094 Henry of Burgundy was given the county of Portugal by the king of Castile and Len for his success against the Moors. English seamen rushed home from all over the globe to defend their homeland for their beloved Gloriana (the nickname given to Elizabeth). But the discovery of a final years were dominated by controversy surrounding one of her favorite courtiers (members of the court), Robert Devereux (15661601), earl of Essex. Marquette's accidental voyage convinced the French that the Mississippi flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, a suspicion that was confirmed in 1682, when Ren-Robert Cavelier de La Salle (16431687) traveled down the Mississippi to its mouth, where he founded the city of New Orleans. By this time Elizabeth had prepared the English fleet and organized a dedicated but small land army. 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