biological, social and cognitive influences on gender development

This learning relies on subcortical striatum structures and focuses on learning sequencing for behaviors. This may then impact major choices if girls go to college, as they may not have experiences in STEM to foster STEM related majors (Torino, 2017). The Oedipus complex and phallic stage. Nature vs nurture: the debate in psychology suggests that our differences are due to natural (or genetic) predispositions or nurture (or environmental) influences. This approach is based on cases where there is a discrepancy between biological sex and gender identity. After an infant has been shown a gendered item (doll versus a truck) they will then stare at a photograph of the matching gender longer. Kohlberg theorised that as children develop cognitive skills, their understanding of their gender and that of the people around them increases. Ultimately, until the Phallic stage, Freud viewed development to be the same for both boys and girls. Developmental PSYC practice exam FINAL. In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. Bem created one theory while Martin and Halverson created another, though we will not dive into the differences between these theories in this book (Dinella, 2017). Other factors: Although there is strong evidence for a biological component to gender, other factors - such as cognitive factors and social learning - likely play a role as well. Nevertheless, few studies have addressed how gender role attitudes develop during adolescence. We notice that girls prefer to play in pairs while boys prefer larger group play. Then we uncovered two cognitive-based theories Kohlbergs theory and gender schema theory. The penis, or absence of, is the differentiating factor here, as the libido moves to the penis or clitoris in the Phallic stage. Freud considered the talking cure of Anna O. to be the origin of psychoanalytic therapy and what would come to be called the cathartic method. Social cognitive theory. Carl Jung proposes that the female gender identity develops through the Electra complex. Kohlberg is one of those theorists we will learn about later. What were the results of Thompsons' 1975 study? She also indicated that if females perceived that they had lost the love of their father to another woman (often to the mother) then the individual may become more insecure. Summarize four major theories explaining gender development, namely, social learning theory, neurophysiological bases, cognitive developmental theory, and gender schema theory. When was the gender schema theory developed? Think about the first moment someone says they are pregnant. This chapter is meant to provide the reader with information on the psychological, social, cognitive, and spiritual aspects of aging. We learned about the psychodynamic theories of Freud and Horney. what assumption do we need to make when using the cognitive approach to understand gender? This helps the child develop a gender identity. Create and find flashcards in record time. Write by: . Does gender behaviour have an evolutionary basis? The second part of personality emerges after birth with early formative experiences and is called the ego. Some people claim that a person's personality is inherited while others claim that the environment in which a person lives determines his/her personality. Although Kohlbergs theory captures important aspects, it fails to recognize things such as how gender identity regulates gender conduct and how much one adheres to gender roles through their life (Bussey, 2014). Manner and style of behavior and physical gestures and other nonverbal actions identified as masculine or feminine. Human Brain Mapping 43(12): 3857-3872. Others incorporate modeling into their theory with some caveats. The theory integrates psychological and sociostructural determinants within a unified conceptual structure. they learn the idea that gender is relatively constant that does not change based on superficial factors such as clothing. What are the two cognitive theories of gender development? Biological, Cognitive, Socioemotional Development Introduction Psychology is a profession that explains scientific changes that occur in human beings during their development stages. Research tends to indicate that teachers place a heavier focus, in general, on males this means they not only get more praise, they also receive more correction and criticism (Simpson & Erickson, 1983). The social learning theory plays a major role in gender development. 64 terms. Thus, there are natural reasons to not intertwine and to instead segregate (Bussey, 2014). In order to come to its conclusions, the essay examines the two approaches to gender development. Biological sex: genetialia and genes (XX or XY); gender that a person is assigned based on biological traits at birth; male or female biological traits Gender: physical, social, and behavioral characteristics tied to being male or female Gender identity: the gender a person identifies as; male, female, nonbinary 2. Kim K, Joo YY, Ahn G, et al. The gender of the child, while in the developed countries, does not impact as much as it does in developing countries. The reason it was finally taken off the market was because females were showing higher rates of cancer. The most likely strategy, if there is no trainer/employee around to ask, is to watch what someone does on the machine. For example, boys are encouraged to play outside (cars, sports, balls) and build (Legos, blocks), etc. Thus, the conflict is resolved (McLeod, 2008; Sammons, n.d.). Did you know that infants can differentiate between male and female faces and voices in their first year of life (typically between 6-12 months of age; Fagan, 1976; Miller, 1983)? This idea forms the basis for the two cognitive explanations of gender development we will explore in this section. This theory underscores the idea, present . Moreover, when considering print media, we know that there tends to be a focus on appearance, body image, and relationships for teenage girls, whereas print media tends to focus on occupations and hobbies for boys. Before we get into those areas, lets remember that we are talking about gender development. Lets quickly recap basic biology. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. In males, testosterone levels rise sharply, developing secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair and a deeper voice. Give two examples of cognitive theories of gender. The biological changes are discussed in Chapter 5. The influence of nutrition on child development can be seen in areas such as physical and cognitive health. became involved in the German Feminist movement, and in 1904 founded the League of Jewish Women. Genetic gender predisposition theorists further reference case studies in which males with damaged genitalia undergo plastic surgery as infants to modify their genitalia to be more female aligned. Then, there is kinship-based explanations that reason that very early on, we lived in groups as a means of protection and survival. Cognition is the basic ability to . Overall, for both genders, identification is the ultimate resolution of the internal conflict in the Phallic stage. who suggested that gender identities develop through the use of cognitive representations of concepts known as schemas? Prior to birth, a mother's diet and health play a key role. However, in adolescence, they become more rigid again. True or false? According to Kohlberg's theory of gender development, this is when children develop the ability to label their gender and the gender of others. Have all your study materials in one place. Thompson (1975) and Munroe et al. In other words, gender identity takes place in our minds and is not biologically determined or strictly behavioural. Which of these theories are NOT cognitive theories of gender development? As children get older, their corrective feedback becomes subtler. They are more likely to avoid STEM-focused classes, whereas boys seek out STEM classes (more frequently than girls). Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. The focus teachers and educators have on different qualities may have a lasting impact on children. This occurs somewhere between ages five and seven. 4.2.6.1. This theory also accounts for the entire lifespan when considering development, which is drastically different than earlier theories, such as psychodynamic theories, which focused on childhood and adolescence. 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We can use our knowledge of different approaches to evaluate the ones we focus on and see which approach best explains the various elements of a particular topic. Interestingly, there are two variations of gender schema theory. This was less based on sex and more on qualities of an individual, essentially using peoples strengths to the groups advantage. When participants act as they believe the researcher expects them to act rather than behave naturally. For example, in adolescence, boys tend to be more career focused whereas girls are focused on relationships (again, this aligns with the emphasis we see placed by educators on children based on their gender). We took a detailed look into various socializing factors that children encounter. Their understanding of their gender and that of the people around them increases. In fact, she went as far as to counter Freuds penis envy with womb envy (a man envying a womans ability to have children). Overall, psychoanalytic theory focuses on very early life experiences. Theoretically as well as empirically, the approaches and results are quite contradictory. Clarify how Freud theorized gender and how his theory applies to gender in psychology. when are cognitive approaches considered to have begun? By age 2, children use words like boy and girl correctly (Leinbach & Fagot, 1986) and can accurately point to a male or female when hearing a gender label given. Cognitive Explanations of Gender Development. This article reviews and integrates research on gender-related biological, cognitive, and social processes that take place in or between family members, resulting in a newly developed gendered family process (GFP) model. Fourth is declarative procedural learning. However, in the Genital stage, Freud theorized that this is a time in which adolescents experiment sexually and begin to settle into romantic relationships. By identifying with their in-group, usually consisting of people with similar gender identities, children take on gender characteristics and develop their gender expression and their idea of belonging to their in-group. By stating this, it had to be understood that a boy and girls develop differently. The biological perspective is a way of looking at psychological issues by studying the physical basis for animal and human behavior. it is supported by many studies, such as Thompson (1975) and Munroe et al (1984), A weakness of this theory is that the theory is simply descriptive rather than explanatory. As our brains physically develop, our cognitive abilities begin to mature, meaning that we are capable of more complex thought. ), or if they were overly threatened by females in their family (especially their mothers), they may develop contempt for their own gender. The biological approach to gender suggests that our gender identities are based on biology. It does not explain why gender identities and certain attitudes regarding gender emerge but merely describes what this process looks like and when specific changes occur. Some studies support this theory, such as a 1993 study by Liben and Signorella in which 106 predominantly white children were shown stereotypical images of behaviours alongside neutral and non-stereotypical images. What are some cognitive influences on gender? This is because we do not just model behavior, we also monitor how others react to our behaviors. Teachers also tend to praise boys and girls for different behaviors. (2015) suggested using a Biologically oriented theories, such as that of John Money and Anke Ehrhardt, have focused on the many genetic, anatomical, and hormonal differences between the sexes as providing the major basis for the gender role distinctions shown by . Role in gender development believe the researcher expects them to act rather behave. 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