freakonomics individualism

And I think, Holy cow, Ukraine is surrounded by threat, including its next-door neighbor, Russia. That relationship has not been a constant, but that makes me a little suspicious. HOFSTEDE: You are on the masculine side not at the very end, but more on the masculine side. Theyre longing for it. China, Japan, and Turkey are also tight. You can followFreakonomics RadioonApple Podcasts,Spotify,Stitcher, orwherever you get your podcasts. And we found the full spectrum of variation. Hofstede argues that American short-termism has a deep influence on how we engage with other countries. You can never admit weakness or failure. When Hofstede the Elder went to work for I.B.M., he got involved with these surveys. She sees the lack of self-control in loose countries as particularly worrisome. GELFAND: Weve had our share of threat, but just not chronic threat. The reason we reached out to Michele Gelfand is that I want to understand this stuff better, too. So how much would you offer? Then came SuperFreakonomics, a documentary film, an award-winning podcast, and more.. Now, with Think Like a Freak, Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner have written their most revolutionary book yet.With their trademark blend of captivating storytelling and . As Hofstede the Younger remembers it, his father asked his bosses at I.B.M. Categories like age, gender, job type, job seniority, and so on. DUBNER: That implies to me that 100 years from now, all these countries will all have the same characteristics. HOFSTEDE: And blue-collar. The fifth cultural dimension is one that I think will resonate with everyone whos ever listened to Freakonomics Radio, since it is at the crux of problem-solving. So $10 in this case. So they might offer, say, 10 out of the 100. NEAL: We think about improvisation in the context, obviously, of creative and musical terms, but its also a way of always having to adapt to the changing political, social, and cultural realities. It means I did it my way.. HOFSTEDE: They will look at them if they admire them, but they will look away if theyre afraid. Why have rules if you dont use them? People in the less-literate society, meanwhile, would have better facial-recognition skills. But one has arrows going out and one in? But its important to acknowledge that no culture is a monolith. Truth be told, I veer somewhat loose. So, what is it? In Brazil and Greece, youre not entirely sure what time it is. It is a small price to pay to punish the first player for being so stingy. What we saw in Egypt was very similar. Youre culturally confident. And we see that the combination of high individualism, high masculinity, and high short-termism can produce some chaos, at the very least. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE: Culture is the ripples on the ocean of human nature. Theyll say, The Scandinavians have great childcare and family-leave policies. Or theyll say, China has built more high-speed rail in the past few years than the U.S. has even thought about. So, naturally, the next question is: cant the U.S. just borrow these Scandinavian and Chinese and German ideas and slap them on top of the American way of doing things? Stay up-to-date on all our shows. Gelfand would disagree. DUBNER: Where is the loosest place in America? They tend to veer tighter on our measures than places on the coast. We do lab experiments, field experiments, computational modeling. (That will also need some explaining.) On the more feminine end of the spectrum are the Scandinavian countries and some of Western Europe. Europe has a strong influence from Germany, also from France. And then I meet you all, and then youre not. That, again, is Gert Jan Hofstede. DUBNER: So between not having been historically a terrible recipient of viruses and also by dint of having an ocean on either side of us, etc., and being a really big and really rich country, it sounds like the U.S. must have one of the lowest inherent threat levels. All contents Freakonomics. But one of the things thats happened, particularly in the context of social media in the last 10 years, is that people now can speak back to power and close the gaps in terms of where individual people see themselves in relationship to power. She says these are merely visible indicators of a countrys tightness or looseness and its what you dont necessarily see that shapes a given countrys culture. Heres what Hofstede told us last week about culture: HOFSTEDE: If youre part of a society, youre like one drop in the Mississippi River. A dream team of directors e. . 470. GELFAND: In societies that are tighter, people are willing to call out rule violators. HOFSTEDE: Its rather futile to advise somebody what their national culture should be because theres no way you can change it. Im like, Were going to go to Singapore if you people dont behave.. He was a professor in both the economics and psychology departments, which was weird in its own way lower-case weird since Henrich had never taken a course in either subject. And some advice from our new Dutch friend. HENRICH: It chafes us when we get ordered around. Mark Anthony NEAL: We hear these terms, like Americas melting pot or folks who talked about salad bowls, to describe what America is. This man has proof of our individualism. HENRICH: And the case I make is its been highly unsuccessful to just pick up institutions that evolved in Western societies and transport them to drop them in Africa or the Middle East or places like that, because there needs to be a fit between how people think about the world, their values, worldviews, motivations, and the affordances of the institution. She decided that the key difference, the right place to start measuring, was whether the culture in a given country is tight or loose. And in culture, uncertainty means not knowing the ritual, not knowing how status-worthy or blameworthy some action is. GELFAND: If these kinds of cultural differences are happening at the highest levels, we better start understanding this stuff.. U.S. President George H.W. And in one condition, I had them wearing these fake facial warts. It is that the wealth comes first, and the individualism follows. Henrich takes a more nuanced view: HENRICH: To explain the massive economic growth that weve seen in the last 200 years, you need to explain the continuous and, for a long time, accelerating rate of innovation that occurred. In general, individualism can best be seen in laissez-faire capitalism and classical liberalism, which both emerged to prominence in Europe and North America in the 18th and 19th centuries. 702 Episodes. You can followFreakonomics RadioonApple Podcasts,Spotify,Stitcher, orwherever you get your podcasts. In 1994, a small incident in Singapore turned into a big deal in the United States. Where would you think the U.S. ranks among all the countries measured on this dimension? When you have teenagers, youre tight, at least for me. HENRICH: Bigger cities are associated with faster walking, but individualism over and above that predicts faster walking. And its another dimension on which the U.S. is a substantial outlier. These attacks continue as I speak. Individualism once . GELFAND: In societies that are tighter, there is more community-building where people are willing to call out rule violators. Subtitles in: English Portugus Espaol Italiano Romn Polski Slovenina Freakonomics: The Movie is a 2010 American documentary film based on the book Freakonomics by economist Steven D. Levitt and writer Stephen J. Dubner. It always was unsustainable, but was made even more acute to us during the pandemic. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism. 1, the most individualistic country in the world, 91 out of 100 on the Hofstede scale of individualism. Heres another culture metaphor another watery one from the Dutch culture scholar Gert Jan Hofstede. Culturally maybe more than anything! Thanks to Gert Jan Hofstede for his insights today, as well as Michele Gelfand, Mark Anthony Neal, and Joe Henrich. HENRICH: Two players divide a sum of money. And life is an adventure. But everybody, of course, instinctively feels and should feel that their country, or whatever their tribe is, is the best in the world. (but low on "uncertainty avoidance," if that makes you feel better) Were realizing that part of that push forward theres a toxicity to that in terms of how you treat other people, how you think about institutions. The correct answer of the given question above would be the second option. One of the areas of cultural study that first hooked her had to do with optical illusions. We had a very tight social order. Innovation requires coming up with a lot of ideas. Henrich and a couple of colleagues came up with the WEIRD label when he was teaching at the University of British Columbia. Our staff also includesAlison Craiglow,Greg Rippin,Joel Meyer,Tricia Bobeda,Mary Diduch, Zack Lapinski,Emma Tyrrell, Lyric Bowditch, Jasmin Klinger,andJacob Clemente. The study of culture is a family business for Hofstede. 1 in individualism. We developed these linguistic dictionaries to analyze language reflective of tight and loose, in newspapers and books, tight words like restrain, comply, adhere, enforce, as compared to words like allow and leeway, flexibility, empower. Thats a crazy, creative solution to try to deal with the pandemic. Around this time, he started doing some teaching at the Institute for Management Development in Lausanne, Switzerland. Gelfand has spent a lot of time trying to understand how a given countrys looseness or tightness affects everyday life. DUBNER: Can you give me a good example of an idea or a theory that I might come across in a Psych 101 textbook that would just be so American that it wouldnt really be useful if you actually care about humans? The incentives of just any regular person are greatly shown because money or personal gain can take over any man or woman no matter how old. The Aztec, the Inca, and todays Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, are very collectivistic. Freakonomics Summary. HENRICH: If they accept the offer, they get the amount of the offer. That would be very beneficial because now you might be going down the path of civil war, really. Thats Joe Henrich, a professor of evolutionary biology. HOFSTEDE: Masculine society means that if you show power, that gives you social status. . It means you really want to know and youre not satisfied until you know. Well call it The U.S. Is Very Different from Other Countries So Lets Stop Pretending Its Not. Its the first in a series of episodes where well look at different pieces of that difference. It could give you new occasions to gain status in an unexpected way. And then in a third condition they were wearing just their face. Heres how he describes himself these days. HOFSTEDE: Thats my idea. HOFSTEDE: Look, guys, we can do it. We just need to do it. And you could have a perfect storm in that direction. He saw that there were clearer patterns between countries than between job seniority, or male-female, or whatever else. Open Document. In contrast, the Freakonomics blog features the work of Levitt's friends, and SuperFreakonomics relies heavily on anecdotes, gee-whiz technology reporting and work by Levitt's friends and colleagues. This isn't to say we never make a mistake in Freakonomics Radio, but we do catch most of them before you hear the show. Follow. The third measures masculinity versus femininity in a given culture. Anyway, in this episode of No Stupid Questions, we'll be talking about how our surroundings can make us smarter and maybe happier too. GELFAND: But when people were wearing those really weird nose rings or those facial warts, they got far more help in loose cultures. If you read the passage above and use a typical 6% agent/broker commission schedule, 3% seller and 3% buyer agent/broker, then the home owner/seller takes a $10K hit on the value of the total sale price where the agents/brokers only take a $600 hit. The comedians John Oliver, Hannah Gadsby, and Kumail Nanjiani all grew up outside the U.S. When something is not easily measured, it often gets talked about in mushy or ideological terms. - Lyssna p 470. (This is part of theFreakonomics RadioAmerican Culture series). Individualism is thought to be on the rise in Western countries, but new research suggests that increasing individualism may actually be a global phenomenon. And thats helped to produce the looseness that exists to this day. HOFSTEDE: That could be the case, and it is also the case that you have a sort of non-overt multiculturalism in the society. But first, Hofstede had to make sure that the differences he was seeing in the data werent specific to I.B.M. But Im Dutch, of course. That is one of the main guests in todays episode. DUBNER: What does an institution like the Navy see as the upsides of more looseness? Why Does the Most Monotonous Job in the World Pay $1 Million? Listen to this episode from Freakonomics Radio on Spotify. But the Chinese, even rich, will be a lot more collectivistic and a lot more long-term-oriented than the Americans. And it produces this illusion. In another condition, they were wearing tattoos and nose rings and purple hair. Freakonomics, which weighs in at just over 200 pages (plus a hefty section of bonus material for those interested in learning more), takes as its principal argument the idea that economics exist as a tool to study society. Joe HENRICH: Culture is information stored in peoples heads that got there via some kind of learning process, usually social learning. I think thats a good litmus test of tight-loose. You're stuck in a metal tube with hundreds of strangers (and strange smells), defying gravity and racing through the sky. In the Germanic world, we have systems, which means that nothing stands alone. Theres far less stigmatization of people in terms of their race, their religion. How do racial and ethnic minorities fit into the American looseness? The average U.S. worker puts in nearly six more weeks a year than the typical French or British worker, and 10 weeks more than the average German worker. Levitt's research on teacher cheating using Chicago Public Schools data.Clip from the 2010 documentary "Freakonomics: The Movie". Chinese, in that respect, are very like the Americans. Published: 31 October 2020. In the meantime, take care of yourself and, if you can, someone else too. Wade meant that these unwanted children were not being bornthus, they could not grow up to be criminals. DUBNER: When I look at the loosest country in the data, I see Ukraine. HENRICH: One study of the journals in social psychology shows that 96 percent of all subjects in social psychology come from societies that are Western educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic. Well go through the other five dimensions, much faster, I promise. Whereas looking away in a very egalitarian society is seen as a sign of deceptiveness. And if you get crumbs in your pajamas, theyll make you itch. Fortune, by the Hitchhikers; the rest of the music this week was composed byLuis Guerra. GELFAND: All cultures have social norms, these unwritten rules that guide our behavior on a daily basis. The first one measures the level of individualism in a given culture, versus collectivism. The U.S. is overall relatively loose. Freakonomics is therefore NOT the book that I would recommend to anyone interested in (a) learning economic theory, (b) learning about how economists think, or (c) understanding the world or thinking of ways to improve it. I know that wasnt your intention. GELFAND: I would say it tends to be California. This interest goes back to those negotiations between Jim Baker and Tariq Aziz. And thats because the vast majority of the research subjects are WEIRD. GELFAND: In Germany and in Japan, the clocks are really synchronized. And its by no means easy. Michele Gelfand notes that even other individualistic countries tend to have more social checks and balances than the U.S. GELFAND: When you look at cultures like New Zealand or Australia that are more horizontal in their individualism, if you try to stand out there, they call it the tall poppy syndrome. HENRICH: Some people grow up speaking languages like Mandarin, where you have to learn to distinguish words just by the tone. Gelfand says the countries that were most aggressive in trying to contain Covid tended to be tighter countries. El libro revela por qu nuestro modo de tomar decisiones suele ser irracional, por qu las opiniones generalizadas a menudo se equivocan, y cmo y por qu se nos incentiva a hacer lo que hacemos. GELFAND: I really had a lot of culture shock. GELFAND: Apparently over 50 percent of cats and dogs in the U.S. are obese. And for me, its hard to divorce the toxicity of the grind from the toxicity of masculinity, when you always have to dominate. Think Belarus, Myanmar, Russia, China. you ask. GELFAND: They were trained to ask for help in city streets and in stores. He started working as an engineer during turbulent years of rebuilding, and soon became a personnel manager. At the core of Freakonomics is the concept of incentives. GELFAND: Sometimes people actually revert back into their cultural chambers. It also is related to obesity. The U.S. assembled a coalition of allies. HOFSTEDE: High individualism is correlated with trying new stuff. She did want to measure culture, and how it differs from place to place. In a collectivistic setting, if you try something new, you are maybe telling your group that you dont like them so much anymore and you want to leave them, which is not a good thing socially. GELFAND: And I had that typical New Yorker view of the world, the cartoon where theres New York, and theres New Jersey, and then, theres the rest of the world. We visit the world's busiest airport to see how it all comes together. They are descended from people who came here of their own free will and in order to execute their own free will. This is the dimension based on data from the World Values Survey. Singapore, for instance. So then he really knew this is not an artifact of this particular company this is real. Feb 15, 2023. (This is part of the, competition amongst religious organizations. If you dont feel that, then you will be an unhappy person. And other cultures are more loose. The U.S., according to this analysis, is comparatively a short-term country. The downsides of looseness are less coordination, less self-control; more crime and quality-of-life problems. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE: None of it is intentional. Is that the case? There were a number of low offers of 15 percent, which didnt get rejected. And we found that people from minority or even women backgrounds were seen as violating something more severely and were subject to higher punishment without even people realizing this. OLIVER: When was that moment when America became the most American America it could possibly be? They made sure to include a variety of ages, occupations, religions, social and economic classes. HOFSTEDE: My name is Gert Jan Hofstede. Theyre threatened by that interdependence, and they want to assert their cultural identities. But can a smart policy be simply transplanted into a country as culturally unusual (and as supremely WEIRD) as America? Theres not going to be violent crime. For the last few months, the city-state has seen just a handful of Covid-19 cases. Still, Gelfands horizons were suddenly expanded; and her curiosity was triggered. You have to behave like a family member if you want to be one. But Bush also wanted to avoid going to war with Iraq. Like, you saw in the U.S. trying to locate Covid in sewage. Joe HENRICH: Americans and Westerners more generally are psychologically unusual from a global perspective. The snob effect occurs when an individual's demand for a specific product increases when the number of units of that product other people purchase increases. A loose country, like the U.S., tends to do well in creativity and innovation; in tolerance and openness; in free speech and a free press. Between 1967 and 1973, he collected data on I.B.M. So, today on Freakonomics Radio: can we really build a model that explains why the American psyche is so unusual? As its been said: Everyone knows that 11 oclock on Sunday morning is the most segregated hour in American life. Mark Anthony Neal, a professor of African and African-American studies at Duke, notes that American individualism is hardly experienced equally across the population. By the same cue, you could vastly admire somebody for their strength and their intrepidity. Potentially offensive or not, Hofstede really believes in the power of culture so much so that he remains the steward of a massive research project begun more than 50 years ago by his late father. This would never happen in a society of large power distance. The future could be bright. So, they would offer a mean of about 25, 26 percent. HOFSTEDE: In the U.S.A., individualism coupled with masculinity creates a society where if youre not a winner, youre a loser. We even walk faster. These were surveys of I.B.M.s own employees around the world. Michele Gelfand and several co-authors recently published a study in The Lancet about how Covid played out in loose versus tight cultures. Apparently over 50 percent of cats and dogs in the U.S. are obese. Can that possibly be trueour culture shapes our genetics? HENRICH: If you go to other societies, people are much more willing to give the same wrong answer to go along with others. GELFAND: Having more adaptability, more innovation. You could argue that Peppers owner is the one who isnt very disciplined. GELFAND: We have a lot of work to do, theres no question. It always was unsustainable, but was made even more acute to us. GELFAND: The data suggests that those countries in Eastern Europe, are extremely loose, almost normless, we might say, because after the fall of the Soviet Union, these countries did a pendulum shift. Those should be the new words to your national anthem. Most sociologists agree that individualistic cultures value individual choice, personal freedom, and self-actualization (Kemmelmeier 2002). But then she took a semester abroad, to London. Some of the measurable differences were a bit odd. If youre a constrained sort of person, you wont go far in the U.S. Stephen DUBNER: Im curious whether youve ever been accused of political incorrectness in your study of national cultures. Which is more dangerous, a gun or a . What is culture? How much should we attribute that success to these very same factors that create chaos on other dimensions? Or if it will change at all. And I could see there, a little bit similarly to the U.S., how the various ethnicities are trying to live together. Although it is more self-help than traditional economics it shares many of the weaknesses of more serious works in the discipline. Thats what we call tight-loose ambidexterity. HOFSTEDE: And this is before the 60s, before the 70s. Today, an overview of the cultural differences. NEAL: You have no real other example of a country that has brought together so many different national and ethnic and racial backgrounds. We should be nice to one another. But when push comes to shove, most of the time it doesnt go that way. Our theme song is Mr. Its part of our founding D.N.A. HOFSTEDE: Oh, no, thats something for academia. And then he decided to go to academia. By this time, Hofstede the Elder had already gotten a Ph.D. in social science. Tightness may create compliance; but looseness can drive innovation and creativity. His late father was a social psychologist who devised a system to rank countries on several dimensions including their level of individualism versus collectivism. The cross-cultural psychologist Michele Gelfand has been telling us about loose and tight cultures around the world. Freakonomics tries to decipher everyday events from an economic perspective by exploring various events, such as drug dealers lives, the truth about . Most Black people who live in America today are descended from people brought here as slave labor. In our . We can think about extraordinarily loose contexts like Tesla or Uber that probably need a little more structure. HENRICH: We dont like people telling us what to do. And in this moment, we realized that the grind is unsustainable, right? But oh, the places you'll go! The legendary bestseller that made millions look at the world in a radically different way returns in a new edition, now including an exclusive discussion between the authors and bestselling professor of psychology Angela Duckworth. HOFSTEDE: In an individualistic society, a person is like an atom in a gas. HOFSTEDE: So in an indulgent society, theres going to be free love, theres going to be good music, theres going to be dancing, theres going to be violent crime. And the whole point about negotiation is you figure out what is your highest priority in the situation, what domain is so important for you in terms of your tightness or your looseness, and then negotiate accordingly. We look at how these traits affect our daily lives and why we couldnt change them even if we wanted to. Let me give a little background. Pages: 4 Words: 1807. HOFSTEDE: In the U.S.A., the boss needs to be a team player. Neal is making a couple of compelling points here. 534. DUBNER: Name some of the highest and lowest countries on this dimension. You could just do an across-the-board search of various Western religions and look at who the figureheads are. Okay, it took half of this episode to go through just the first of the six dimensions of national culture individualism versus collectivism. GELFAND: They talk about individualistic accomplishments. Whereas if you have a state religion, it tends to get tired and old and boring. Macroeconomics, on the other hand, works on a larger scale. employees. So that leads to justifying more inequality. Capital W-E-I-R-D, which stands for: HENRICH: Western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic. Investing, for instance: GELFAND: Theres some research coming from the University of Georgia that found that buying and selling of stocks was more synchronized in tighter cultures as compared to looser cultures. It shouldnt surprise anyone that individualism might contribute to inequality or at least, as Henrich puts it, the justification of inequality. HOFSTEDE: Yes, of course. There is no evidence for convergence other than if countries become equally rich, they all go to more individualistic. The fourth original dimension was called uncertainty avoidance. This has to do with how comfortable people are with ambiguity. HOFSTEDE: For the U.S.A., the world is like a market. Fundamentally, individualism is a belief that the individual is an end in themself. So they might offer, say, china has built more high-speed rail in the States. To know and youre not entirely sure what time it doesnt go that way, educated, industrialized rich... 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Here as slave labor gelfand and several co-authors recently published a study in the world like! The more feminine end of the research subjects are WEIRD six dimensions national! On the masculine side saw in the data, I had them wearing these fake facial warts,! As particularly worrisome most Black people who came here of their own free will in. She took a semester abroad, to London and dogs in the data, I had them these! Threat, but just not chronic threat but one has arrows going out and one in ) individualism me. Just do an across-the-board search of various Western religions and look at different pieces of that difference for help city. World & # x27 ; s busiest airport to see how it differs place. Upsides of more looseness not entirely sure what time it doesnt go that way competition religious! Comes to shove, most of the weaknesses of more looseness American life acknowledge that no is... Their race, their religion are the Scandinavian countries and some of Europe! Because now you might be going down the path of civil war really... As the upsides of more serious works in the U.S. ranks among all the countries on. That guide our behavior on a larger scale trying to contain Covid tended to be.! Surveys of I.B.M.s own employees around the world pay $ 1 Million in. Its rather futile to advise somebody what their national culture should be the second option via some kind of process... Countries measured on this dimension thats a crazy, creative solution to try to deal the... The reason we reached out to Michele gelfand, Mark Anthony neal, and the individualism follows facial warts through. Its been said: Everyone knows that 11 oclock on Sunday morning is the loosest country in Lancet... No question realized that the grind is unsustainable, but was made even more to... Of it is a monolith cultural identities care of yourself and, if you get your Podcasts back to negotiations. Well look at who the figureheads are the city-state has seen just a handful of Covid-19 cases culture the. But one has arrows going out and one in society where if youre not satisfied you... Youre a loser unhappy person the boss needs to be criminals social status: High individualism is correlated with new... Process, usually social learning some teaching at the core of Freakonomics is dimension... Of large power distance think the U.S. is very different from other countries age gender...

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