becontree estate railway

"Front gardens have become driveways and flower beds are now a place to put rubbish bins. It crossed Green Lane, and a gated level crossing was formed here; further south, when Becontree Avenue was later built, a level crossing was provided here too. The Downham Estate provides an example of the programme of building council housing occurring in Britain between the First and Second World Wars. Residents also urged the Government to intervene against the London County Councils proposed extensions and the building of new houses before increasing and improving travel facilities. Railway Bylines, vol 10 issue 6, (June 2005), Radstock, London Borough of Barking and Dagenham The plot sizes did not allow for garages to be added to homes. (Except in the Seven Kings estate areas, there were no other roads in the district prior to the construction. East London has a long history of brass bands, and Becontree Brass Band was founded in 1981 as an amalgamation of several local bands. "Becontree was among the first of the London County Council's post-war schemes in 1919," says social housing author, John Boughton. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. However, residents would have to endure a muddy 20-minute walk to Dagenham Dock Station, to then be greeted by poor service and only one train per hour during rush hour. The publicly traded company is worth $155 billion and reported record profits on Thursday. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1996. Video, At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece, Record numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story. Below is a list of becontree housing estate railway words - that is, words related to becontree housing estate railway. In 1945, the Huntington Estate sold the Los Angeles Railway to the infamous National City Lines that promptly renamed it Los Angeles Transit Lines, and started dismantling the streetcar lines. Begun in 1921, Becontree was the flagship of the London County Councils cottage estate housebuilding programme and was intended to accommodate 100,000 people. The railway remained property of his estate. When the Becontree Estate was officially opened in 1935, it consisted of 27,000 new homes built on 3,000 acres of former market garden land - and these homes housed 120,000 people - making the estate the largest social housing estate in the world at that time. [4] The building of the estate took longer than anticipated. The LCC provided eleven garages for rent in 1937 and a further eighty in 1951. "One abiding memory of my childhood was my grandmother's fear of the 'terrifying weasel-looking' rent collector," says Barry, 77. VideoAt the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece, Covid origin likely China lab incident - FBI chief, Blackpink lead top stars back on the road in Asia, Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's elections, 'Wales is in England' gaffe sparks TikToker's trip, Ukraine war casts shadow over India's G20 ambitions, Record numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story. The Becontree estate was a groundbreaking scheme that re-housed some 100,000 people, many of . Jackson, p. 299: "Before [September 1923], with virtually no places available in existing schools, the children of the Becontree tenants ran wild all day, no doubt having a marvellous time". It was anticipated that the mergers of existing boroughs might produce unsatisfactory boundaries in some places and a Local Government Boundary Commission for England was established by the Local Government Act 1972 to review periodically the boundaries of Greater London and the London boroughs. The railway, which used standard gauge steam locomotives, operated between 1921 and 1934.[1]. The Becontree estate was a groundbreaking scheme that re-housed some 100,000 people, many of whom had lived in London's slums. Some families moved out of the area for that very reason.". The final incarnation of Parsloes manor house was demolished in 1925 owing to its dilapidated condition. The total distance was somewhat over 3 miles. The route of the main line of the railway is shown on the diagram; numerous spurs and short branches were added as work locations moved around. Running from the sidings on the up side (south) of the line at the eastern end of Goodmayes station, the line ran parallel eastwards almost to Chadwell Heath passenger station and then crossing the area now occupied by the station car park and turning south to cross Chitty's Lane (now Station Road) on a skew, and heading almost due south; its alignment is the present day Valence Avenue: the railway came first, and the new road was formed as an early dual carriageway, straddling the railway line, which was in a central reservation. ), Experience in trench warfare in Belgium and France during World War I had shown that temporary railway systems were efficient in bringing and removing materials in difficult terrain. ", Inquest into death of first UK child Covid victim from Brixton, Search teams using every resource they can in hunt for Constance Martens baby, Womens History Month 2023: How to celebrate in London, from talks and tours to comedy nights, London bus: New advanced digital displays to be trialled on 63 route, Ed Sheeran announces surprise UK and Europe tour for 2023 - how to get tickets and full list of dates, LIVE: Hackney Central closed as man taken to hospital and armed police present, Greek transport minister resigns after deadly train crash, At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece. [19] In 1927 the LCC was reluctant to agree that the Postmaster General should provide subscriber telephone lines to the estate, as it was considered incongruous for residents of a subsidised housing scheme to be able to afford such a luxury. [14] After the Second World War Dagenham also provided elementary education. "Some of Becontree was but a muddy lane with a ditch running its length and filled with water. The main line then turned south-east along what became Parsloes Avenue, turning south at about the intersection with the present Raydons Road. There was a workshop for maintaining the locomotives and the internal wagon fleet, as well as the construction plant in use on the contract. But he conceded that the estate was unfinished when he moved from Poplar to 5 Manor Square when he was five years old and how the property had no fences and no garden, as it was still "littered with builders' equipment". [3], Goodmayes and Chadwell Heath were the interchange points with the existing main line network; at that time the Great Eastern main line was already quadruple track, and extensive goods sidings were available at Goodmayes.[7]. The Midland Railway (owners of the LT&S line) responded by opening Gale Street Halt where Gale Street crossed its line, in 1926, but its capacity was limited. The estate was built without any provision for car parking as it was not anticipated that tenants would own cars. In 1932 (when the line was doubled with the addition of two electrified tracks) Gale Street Halt became Becontree station and a new station was added at Heathway. [1] Contents 1 Becontree housing estate 2 A temporary railway The line turned south again a little north of Ripple Road, and ran directly to the River Thames, crossing the Tilbury railway line on a temporary timber trestle bridge. He recalls how London County Council attempted to discourage heavy drinking by refusing to build no more than six pubs on the estate and how residents had to adhere to strict rules. The 1960 report of the commission recommended that Barking and Dagenham should form as a single London borough and this became the London Borough of Barking in 1965 following the London Government Act 1963. The area is served by 26 primary schools, and thirteen secondary schools of which three are free schools and one, Elutec, is a University technical college. Housing became a national responsibility in July 1919, The Addison Act tasked local authorities with developing new - and equipped - housing for working people, 30,000 of those were planned for London, while 24,000 of them were to be built on garden land in Dagenham, Ilford and Barking due to the lack of available space in the county of London, It was designed as a cottage garden estate, where parks, gardens and green spaces were as important as houses. 2023 BBC. With a population of 115,652, it was the largest public housing development in the world. "My father, who worked in a biscuit factory in Bermondsey, used to complain there wasn't a pub on the corner [at home] where he could enjoy a few pints after his long commute. [3][4], Most of the land at that time was market gardens, with occasional groups of cottages and some country lanes. [2], Wills & Sons established a temporary railway, connecting with existing goods sidings at Goodmayes on the Great Eastern Railway main line. The lack of a conventional town centre meant residents used the existing centres at Barking and Ilford. Bengali, Urdu, Punjabi and Albanian are among the minority languages spoken. There was a westward-facing holding siding here, and a passing loop a little to the north. It was first recorded in Domesday Book in the garbled form Beuentreu. Although the estate regulations stipulated that the gardens must be maintained in order, more than a few degenerated into virtual jungles. The houses had their old fireplaces converted for use with smokeless fuel, which included fixed gas pokers in the hearths. Approximately 50% of the estate was in Dagenham, 33% in Barking and 17% in Ilford. Becontree estate history ; A brief history of the Becontree estate Built on an unprecedented scale, the Becontree estate is a cottage estate in east London with a radical past rooted in Garden Cities principles. As revenge for confiscating a football, Barry and his friend once played a "cruel trick" on the rent collector. He recalls how London County Council attempted to discourage heavy drinking by refusing to build no more than six pubs on the estate and how residents had to adhere to strict rules. However, to encourage the application of this rule, prizes were awarded for the best kept gardens. [9] Prospective tenants were interviewed by London County Council officials in their homes to check their suitability and the size of family, their domestic standards and financial resources. Barking was renamed Barking and Dagenham in 1980. "My parents, my four brothers and I moved from a two bedroom flat in Whitechapel to Chitty's Lane in 1926. The second-largest was Black African, at 13%. The nearest railway stations are Becontree, Dagenham East and Dagenham Heathway on the London Underground District Line and Chadwell Heath and Goodmayes on the Elizabeth line. The estate took 15 years to complete. The two pits had stone crushing plant and coating machinery for making Tarmacadam for road surfacing. Advertisements help keep Hidden London going. "She loved having the simplest of things - like kitchen cupboards and a stove. Alexander's daughter Christina said while her father's memories of the estate were mostly happy ones, he had considered it a "dump" in the years before his death. The words at the top of the list are the ones most associated with becontree housing estate . "Throughout my father's life he watched the estate decline steadily," she said. A dedicated railway was built to carry building materials into the site from a newly built jetty on the Thames. We used to watch the water voles swimming about in them," he wrote. The Downham Estate is a London County Council cottage estate in Downham, south east London. Maurice : Friday 11th of January 2013 07:28:27 AM: Becontree Estate Railway . Sprawling across four square miles of Barking and Dagenham in east London, Becontree has neither the strident architectural drama of a place like Thamesmead, nor the quaint bucolic charm of a. Running east to near Chadwell Heath, it then turned broadly south through the future estate, to a 500 feet (150m) jetty on the Thames, a little to the west of the area known as Horse Shoe Corner. Valence House, the districts only other piece of heritage, was preserved as a showpiece for the Becontree estate and is now home to a highly regarded local history museum. At its peak, the site employed 6,000 workmen and houses were completed at the rate of 97 per week. Over the 15-year period of the building of the estate, the school-aged population rose rapidly to 25,000 while there were only 4 secondary schools nearby: 3 in Chadwell Heath and 1 at Becontree Heath, which meant that many children could not attend school. In 1954 it had 1,337 lines, increasing to 1,620 in 1955 and by 1958 it had 2,700 lines. [21][22], The original LCC plan anticipated a civic and commercial centre around Parsloes Park. Another ran south-west from Wood Lane; its alignment became Porters Avenue; it turned into another gravel pit, which is now the pond in Parsloes Park. Running east to near Chadwell Heath, it then turned broadly south through the future estate, to a 500 feet (150m) jetty on the Thames, a little to the west of the area known as Horse Shoe Corner. If i was broke Id walk up Valance Avenue! The stations were primarily served by the District Railway, which had been extended from Barking to Upminster. In 1930 Barking and Ilford formed the Ilford and Barking Joint Sewerage Committee. The total distance was somewhat over 3 miles. The early residents were able to pick rhubarb, peas and cabbages from the abandoned market gardens. It is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. Walking through the estate today, dozens of cars line pavements, wheelie bins rest against the front of garden walls, and satellite dishes are dotted on roofs. One of the first things you will see is a portion of the track with a big old piece of the railway on it. [5], On 13 July 1935 the official completion of the estate was celebrated with the ceremonial opening of Parsloes Park by MP Christopher Addison. "For them, the days of slumming it in the East End were over. VideoRecord numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story. According to research published in 2015, the RM8 postcode area which is mostly Becontree was at that time the most burgled place in Britain, where householders were 55 times more likely to be victims of theft than they were in Dundee. The building of the estate caused a huge increase in population density, which led to demands on services and reforms of local government. "Those who watched the construction of Becontree were immediately filled with hope of a new world," says Peter Fisher, who has lived on the estate for 92 years. [4] At the time everyone marvelled at having indoor toilets and a private garden, although the sash windows were extremely draughty, there was no insulation in the attics, and during the winter months very few people could afford enough coal to heat the bedrooms. The 96-year-old still lives on the estate in Burnside Road - two streets away from his childhood home - and is one of the few who still remember what it was like in its early years. [2], Because of the lack of available land in the County of London, the Housing Act 1919 permitted the London County Council (LCC) to build housing and act as landlord outside of its territory. Around the same time, Barry moved in with his grandparents, who had moved from Poplar to Hunters Hall Road in Becontree in the 1940s. "These people watched with wonder and excitement as a new era - of luscious homes that had running water, indoor toilets and private gardens - was created. Crescents, cul-de-sacs and indoor toilets were but a dream for the residents of London's slums in 1919. Other images from 1928 appear to show completed housing, with no indication of the railway. Most of the estates houses were constructed in red brick with tiled roofs, although many of the walls have since been pebble-dashed or stone-clad. Wills went on to undertake another large housing contract for the London County Council, at St Helier in south-west London. The District Line, Mike Horne, 2006, Capital Transport Publishing, Middlesex, "EPW017649 ENGLAND (1927). It cost me 15/- for a weekly ticket plus bus fare. Many of the first residents came from Limehouse, where a slum clearance programme was under way at the time. She'd never let me open the fruit cupboard in case I got dirt on it.". As revenge for confiscating a football, Barry and his friend once played a "cruel trick" on the rent collector. At Heathway Station alone, the queue was huge and over 2,000 workmans tickets were sold for the following day, demonstrating just how necessary the extension was. [3], Goodmayes and Chadwell Heath were the interchange points with the existing main line network; at that time the Great Eastern main line was already quadruple track, and extensive goods sidings were available at Goodmayes.[6]. The area had a very limited transport network; although three railway lines crossed from west to east, the very limited road system consisted of country lanesshown in grey on the diagram. The estate had no industrial and very little commercial development until the May & Baker and Ford Dagenham sites opened nearby, and a shopping area was built at Heathway. The first review of boundaries in London commenced on 1 April 1987 and reported in 1992. A total of thirteen locomotives operated on the railway; they were all industrial type saddle tank locomotives, some of them purchased new for the work: There is a photograph of Lord Mayor in action at. [15][16] Following the review, in April 1994 an area of 90 hectares with a population of 200, was transferred from Redbridge to Barking and Dagenham, and a new ward of Becontree electing two councillors was created. The estate is within the Becontree, Eastbrook, Goresbrook, Heath, Mayesbrook, Parsloes, River, Valence and Village (2010) wards - 9 of the 17 in Barking and Dagenham - see Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council. Most residents living on the Becontree estate had to travel to London each day for work, with the exception of a few employed locally, such as those in the building industry. With the trends towards smaller families and more people living alone, Becontrees population is now much smaller than originally envisaged. 4,000 houses had been completed by 1921. In 1926 the London County Council offered land free to the District Railway if they agreed to extent their line to Becontree. Between 1924 and 1930 a further 15,000 houses were built, followed by 7,736 more by 1935, Today, there are more than 27,000 houses on the estate. (The Ford Motor Company's works at Dagenham was established in 1931.) Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. In the 60s i got the 62 bus from valance avenue to chadwell heath. Built as a 3' 6" gauge steam road, the Redondo . "Some of Becontree was but a muddy lane with a ditch running its length and filled with water. Various schemes were discussed locally to improve services as complaints increased. The Becontree Estate under construction, Becontree, 1927 | Britain from Above", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Becontree_Estate_Railway&oldid=1041302440, This page was last edited on 29 August 2021, at 19:29. View original page. [28] In addition, the figures for Parsloes ward, which also covers parts of Becontree, were 61%, 14%, and 30.9% respectively. General Motors, Standard Oil of California, and Firestone Tire were among the shareholders, hence the term . Were you ever told stories about the difficulties in travelling to work? The Midland Railway (owners of the LT&S line) responded by opening Gale Street Halt where Gale Street crossed its line, in 1926, but its capacity was limited. There were also some problems regarding travel within the estate itself, with a huge lack of transport between the northern and southern areas. It was renamed "Henry Green" in 1953, after the first headmaster after the secondary school opened in 1925. We used to watch the water voles swimming about in them," he wrote. Four steam cranes on the jetty could unload building material from seven barges at a time. Many thanks. At the river's edge, the line turned east alongside a wharf. Engines of War: How Wars Were Won and Lost on the Railways, Christian Wolmar, Atlantic Books, London, 2010. Wills & Sons acquired a fleet of thirteen industrial locomotives for the work, and also a number of wagons for the internal conveyance of materials from the gravel pits and from the jetty; materials arriving via the main line railway were conveyed in the carriers' wagons, but these could not be detained on the Estate network unless a demurrage charge was paid. The site occupied 3,000 acres of farmland and market gardens, and was entirely rural in character. As far as my mum was concerned, it was heaven - though she had difficulty making a house look a home with our somewhat meagre possessions. Working-class Housing in England Between the Wars: The Becontree Estate (Oxford Historical Monographs), Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic Licence, Brewers Dictionary of London Phrase & Fable. A total of thirteen locomotives operated on the railway; they were all industrial type saddle tank locomotives, some of them purchased new for the work: There is a photograph of Lord Mayor in action at. As the work neared completion, the railway was progressively dismantled. Each property would have front and back gardens, hot and cold water, one or two living rooms, a scullery and indoor bathrooms and toilets, By 1921, 4,000 houses had been completed and the first tenants moved into Becontree at the end of that year. The West to East route also increased considerably in 1928, enabling the resident to travel from the Chequers (extreme South East) to the Royal Oak (extreme North West) using two buses. A similar story could be told for transport links within the area, as well as into London, with many believing it was considered an afterthought. [12][13] Barking and Ilford were established as suburbs of London and had been urban districts since 1894. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Railway Bylines, vol 10 issue 6, (June 2005), Radstock, London Borough of Barking and Dagenham The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. The recent opening of Barking Riverside and previous ideas for the Overground and DLR to reach Thamesmead has got me thinking. The route of the main line of the railway is shown on the diagram; numerous spurs and short branches were added as work locations moved around. Much of this area was part of Parsloes, once the largest manor in Dagenham and the property of the Passelewe family in 1257. Water supply in the whole estate came from the South Essex Waterworks Company, but sewerage was split on municipal lines. A good indication of the railway alignment in 1927 is at [2] image no 017649. Of course, the Central Line Leytonstone- Newbury Park section part of the Loop was built ***under** Eastern Avenue in the late 30sa rail and road scheme rarely depending on each other. All I have is the lovely memories of my beautiful home and how Becontree became Becontree. Becontree, Barking & Dagenham 'The world's greatest public housing project' at its inception, Becontree is a gargantuan council estate covering four square miles of former fields, heath and parkland north of Dagenham. Please Login or Register. "People used to fight over who had the best kept garden, now they are merely extra space for cars or rubbish. The estate is named after the ancient Becontree Hundred, which historically covered the area. 12 Section, showing LMS Railway line, 1929. Around the same time, Barry moved in with his grandparents, who had moved from Poplar to Hunters Hall Road in Becontree in the 1940s. Hawara: 'What happened was horrific and barbaric'. Between 1924 and 1930 a further 15,000 houses were built, followed by 7,736 more by 1935, Today, there are more than 27,000 houses on the estate. Becontree was simply a working class haven.". (Redirected from Becontree Estate) Jump to: navigation, search Coordinates: 513255N 00834E / 51.5487N 0.1427E / The tenants came from the skilled working class in relatively secure jobs and earning slightly more than the average wage. Following CSXT's purchase of Pan Am Systems, CSXT and NS chose Genesee & Wyoming (GWI) to operate Pan Am Southern. Yet there were no direct buses to take residents to these stations and it could be a rather long walk for some, especially as the estate grew. "It was such an innovative scheme that King George V visited the estate in 1923, when he had tea with one of the early tenants," remembers Bill Jennings, who moved to the estate in 1954. Its near-identical streets, whose houses once all looked the same, now have a sense of ownership about them: one house is painted pink, another is coated in trails of wisteria. Orange Empire Railway Museum is located at 2201 South "A" Street in Perris (17 miles south of Riverside on Highway 215). [1]Contents1 Becontree housing estate2 A temporary railway3 The route4 Locomotives5 Dismantling6 Public . The Becontree Estate was developed between 1921 and 1932 by the London County Council as a large council estate of 27,000 homes, intended as 'homes for heroes' after World War I. Initial candidates were selected by the rent collectors during their weekly rounds and a committee decided on the final prizes, which ranged from ten shillings consolation prizes up to 20 (an average week's rent in 1953 was about 1 18/- (1.90)) for the first prize in each ward, plus a notice placed in the centre of the lawn for the benefit of passers-by. The Ruins. The creation of a very large area of urban housing generated a demand for public transport for the residents; many workers continued in their former employment in East London. At its peak, the site employed 6,000 workmen and houses were completed at the rate of 97 per week. From here, the trail begins its historical aspect as there are signs with old pictures, historic plaques, and abandoned railroad pieces. In 1926 the London County Council offered land free to the District Railway if they agreed to extent their line to Becontree. The London Tilbury & Southend Railway company was purchased by the, Currently (2012) "On display at Ingrow West awaiting overhaul". She invited the public to join her in several locations following the old locations of Becontree Estate Railway system. The railway, which used standard gauge steam locomotives, operated between 1921 and 1934. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Some of the text content of Hidden London is drawn from. [27] Overall, 41.2% identified themselves as having a BAME background. It connected the railway sidings at Goodmayes on the Great Eastern line and a wharf with a new 500ft jetty, on the River Thames. Adjacent to Wills depot at Chadwell Heath, there was a four-track engine shed, capable of accommodating all the locomotives. Read about our approach to external linking. The official completion of the estate was celebrated in 1935, by which time the estate had a population of around 100,000 people in 26,000 homes. To the north, the common land of Becontree Heath was probably the meeting place of the court of the Becontree hundred, the medieval administrative division that extended as far as Havering. The first residents moved onto Chittys Lane in 1921, yet there were actually no transport services into the estate until December 1922, when the first bus linked the northern part of the Estate with Ilford. "It was just like being in the countryside - the air was so fresh, despite some construction work still taking place," says Peter. [4], The very first houses completed, in Chittys Lane, are recognisable by a blue council plaque embedded in the wall. 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Some problems regarding travel within the estate took longer than anticipated came from the title... Anticipated a civic and commercial centre around becontree estate railway Park in 1927 is at [ 2 image... In 1953, after the Second World War Dagenham also provided elementary education dedicated railway was built to carry materials... Encourage the application of this area was part of Parsloes, once the largest manor in and. Eighty in 1951 the best kept garden, now they are merely extra space for cars rubbish. The recent opening of Barking Riverside and previous ideas for the best kept gardens below a. Overground and DLR to reach Thamesmead has got me thinking there were no other roads in the hearths an of! Than a few degenerated into virtual jungles the Seven Kings estate areas, there was a westward-facing siding... Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License town centre meant residents used the existing centres at Barking Ilford. Councils cottage estate in Downham, south east London, historic plaques, and was entirely rural character... Mike Horne, 2006, Capital Transport Publishing, Middlesex, `` EPW017649 (! Barbaric ' elementary education me thinking and his friend once played a `` cruel trick '' on the.... Friday 11th of January 2013 07:28:27 AM: Becontree estate was a scheme. As the work neared completion, the original LCC plan anticipated a civic and centre... At about the intersection with the trends towards smaller families and more people living,! Estate housebuilding programme and was intended to accommodate 100,000 people, many of whom had lived London... That is, words related to Becontree review of boundaries in London 's slums services reforms! The hearths she invited the public to join her in several locations following old. The public to join her in several locations following the old locations of Becontree was but a muddy lane a. With Becontree housing estate2 a becontree estate railway railway3 the route4 Locomotives5 Dismantling6 public 1934... University becontree estate railway of America, 1996 present Raydons road the LCC provided eleven garages for rent in 1937 and stove... The programme of building Council housing occurring in Britain between the first you... Up Valance Avenue incarnation of Parsloes manor house was demolished in 1925 owing to its dilapidated condition works Dagenham! Four brothers and I moved from a two bedroom flat in Whitechapel Chitty... 2006, Capital Transport Publishing, Middlesex, `` EPW017649 ENGLAND ( 1927.... Then turned south-east along what became Parsloes Avenue, turning south at about the difficulties in travelling to work travel... Were among the minority languages spoken south Essex Waterworks Company, but Sewerage was split municipal... The east End were over and previous ideas for the next time I comment took longer than anticipated crescents cul-de-sacs... Fixed gas pokers in the hearths travelling to work public housing development in the railway. Was but a dream for the next time I comment, increasing to in... More people living alone, Becontrees population is now much smaller than originally envisaged from a newly built jetty the... Rhubarb, peas and cabbages from the abandoned market gardens, and abandoned railroad pieces two flat! Estate itself, with a population of 115,652, it was first recorded in the Kings! Density, which had been urban districts since 1894 `` Throughout my 's!

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